---
title: "The Sword, Shield, and Achilles’ Heel: Characterizing the Linguistic Inductive Bias of Large Language Models for Spatial Reasoning in Navigation Planning"
authors:
  - "Xudong Zhang"
  - "Jian Yang"
  - "Shengkai Wang"
  - "Jiangpeng Tian"
  - "Shaowen Chen"
  - "Xian Wei"
  - "Ke Li"
  - "Xiong You"
doi: "10.24963/ijcai.2026/98"
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/98"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0098.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 2026
pages: "871-879"
track: "Main Track"
keywords:
  - "Humans and AI: Cognitive systems"
  - "AI Ethics, Trust, Fairnes: Bias"
  - "Natural Language Processing: Natural language semantics"
  - "Robotics: Motion and path planning"
  - "Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Qualitative, geometric, spatial, and temporal reasoning"
---

# The Sword, Shield, and Achilles’ Heel: Characterizing the Linguistic Inductive Bias of Large Language Models for Spatial Reasoning in Navigation Planning

Xudong Zhang, Jian Yang, Shengkai Wang, Jiangpeng Tian, Shaowen Chen, Xian Wei, Ke Li, Xiong You

*Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pages 871-879. DOI: [10.24963/ijcai.2026/98](https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/98)

## Abstract

Large Language Model (LLM)-based navigation systems have commonly constructed expli cit spatial representations (e.g., topological graphs, semantic raster maps) and translated them into textual descriptions as LLMs’ inputs. However, the linguistic structures of such text-based spatial representations and the choices of contextual features (e.g., topology, geometry) they contain are often treated as neutral engineering decisions rather than key factors that shape LLMs' behavior. To address this gap, we propose a dual-interventional framework that disentangles linguistic structures from different contextual cues to evaluate the linguistic inductive bias of LLMs for navigation planning. In the framework, representation intervention varies linguistic format and the degree of linguistic compression, clarifying when linguistic representations support or inhibit navigation planning; context intervention, combined with contextual feature combination and conflict probing, explicitly clarifies the preferences and weaknesses of LLMs when processing different contextual cues. Experiments across diverse spatial reasoning tasks and multiple model scales reveal a consistent pattern: topological information is a sturdy shield and the backbone of robust planning; linguistic format is a double-edged sword whose effect depends on model size, task demands, and the compression level; and semantic information is a fatal Achilles' heel---incorrect semantic cues can systematically derail the planning process. Overall, our study shows that effective text-based spatial representations in LLM-based navigation should preserve topological integrity, calibrate representational compression to model capacity, and ensure semantic correctness, rather than simply adopting a single representation.