---
title: "Speeding Up the NSGA-II via Dynamic Population Sizes"
authors:
  - "Benjamin Doerr"
  - "Martin S. Krejca"
  - "Simon Wietheger"
doi: "10.24963/ijcai.2026/698"
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/698"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2026/0698.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 2026
pages: "6273-6281"
track: "Main Track"
keywords:
  - "Search: Evolutionary computation"
---

# Speeding Up the NSGA-II via Dynamic Population Sizes

Benjamin Doerr, Martin S. Krejca, Simon Wietheger

*Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pages 6273-6281. DOI: [10.24963/ijcai.2026/698](https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2026/698)

## Abstract

Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) are among the most widely and successfully applied optimizers for multi-objective problems. However, to store many optimal trade-offs (the Pareto optima) simultaneously, MOEAs are typically run with a large population of solution candidates. This slows down the algorithm and renders the choice of the population size a crucial design decision. In this work, we aim to overcome these difficulties by proposing the dynamic NSGA-II, a variant of the well-known NSGA-II that starts with a small initial population and doubles it after a user-specified number ? of function evaluations, up to a maximum size of ?ₘₐₓ. We prove that the dynamic NSGA-II with optimal parameters computes the Pareto front of the OneMinMax benchmark of size ? with high probability in O(? log² ?) function evaluations, which is considerably faster than the Θ(?² log ?) runtime of the static NSGA-II with optimal parameters. For the OneJumpZeroJump benchmark with gap size ?, we show a runtime of O(?^? log² ?), improving upon the known runtime of Θ(?^(? + 1)). We also propose a variant that uses the initial population size for a longer period and achieves slightly better performance. Finally, we show that a simple concurrent-run strategy turns our dynamic NSGA-II variants into parameter-less algorithms that exceed the above runtimes only by a logarithmic factor and hence still outperform the static NSGA-II by a factor of ͠Ω(?).