{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"On the Power and Limitations of Examples for Description Logic Concepts","authors":[{"name":"Balder ten Cate","slug":"balder-ten-cate","given":"Balder","family":"ten Cate","affiliation":"Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) , University of Amsterdam"},{"name":"Raoul Koudijs","slug":"raoul-koudijs","given":"Raoul","family":"Koudijs","affiliation":"University of Bergen"},{"name":"Ana Ozaki","slug":"ana-ozaki","given":"Ana","family":"Ozaki","affiliation":"University of Bergen; University of Oslo"}],"abstract":"Labeled examples (i.e., positive and negative examples) are an attractive medium for communicating complex concepts. They are useful for deriving concept expressions (such as in concept learning, interactive concept specification, and concept refinement) as well as for illustrating concept expressions to a user or domain expert. We investigate the power of labeled examples for describing description-logic concepts. Specifically, we systematically study the existence and efficient computability of finite characterizations, i.e. finite sets of labeled examples that uniquely characterize a single concept, for a wide variety of description logics between EL and ALCQI, both without an ontology and in the presence of a DL-Lite ontology. Finite characterizations are \r\nrelevant for debugging purposes, and their existence is a necessary condition for exact learnability with membership queries.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2024/395","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2024/395","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2024/0395.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2024/395.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2024/bibtex/395","volume":{"slug":"2024","title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2024","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2024/","year":2024,"location":"Jeju, Korea","dates":"3-9 August 2024","editors":"Kate Larson","isbn":"978-1-956792-04-1","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2024"},"section":"Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","track":"Main Track","number":395,"pages":{"first":3567,"last":3575},"keywords":["Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: KRR: Learning and reasoning","Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: KRR: Description logics and ontologies","Machine Learning: ML: Learning theory"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Alexe et al., 2011] Bogdan Alexe, Balder ten Cate, Ph. G. Kolaitis, and Wang Chiew Tan. Characterizing schema mappings via data examples. ACM Trans. Database Syst., 36:23:1-23:48, 2011.","title":"Characterizing schema mappings via data examples","authors":"Bogdan Alexe, Ph G Balder Ten Cate, Wang Kolaitis, Tan Chiew","year":"2011","venue":"ACM Trans. Database Syst","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Angluin, 1987] Dana Angluin. Queries and concept learning. Mach. Learn., 2(4):319-342, 1987.","title":"Queries and concept learning","authors":"Dana Angluin","year":"1987","venue":"Mach. Learn","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Artale et al., 2009] Alessandro Artale, Diego Calvanese, Ro- man Kontchakov, and Michael Zakharyaschev. The DL- Lite family and relations. J. Artif. Intell. Res., 36:1-69, 2009.","title":"The DL-Lite family and relations","authors":"Alessandro Artale, Diego Calvanese, Roman Kontchakov, Michael Zakharyaschev","year":"2009","venue":"J. Artif. Intell. Res","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Baader et al., 2005] Franz Baader, Sebastian Brandt, and Carsten Lutz. Pushing the EL envelope. In Leslie Pack Kaelbling and Alessandro Saffiotti, editors, IJCAI, pages 364-369. Professional Book Center, 2005.","title":"Pushing the EL envelope","authors":"Baader","year":"2005","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Bühmann et al., 2016] Lorenz Bühmann, Jens Lehmann, and Patrick Westphal. DL-Learner -A framework for induc- tive learning on the semantic web. J. Web Sem., 39:15-24, 2016.","title":"DL-Learner -A framework for inductive learning on the semantic web","authors":"Jens Lorenz Bühmann, Patrick Lehmann, Westphal","year":"2016","venue":"J. Web Sem","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Cate and Dalmau, 2022] Balder ten Cate and Víctor Dalmau. Conjunctive queries: Unique characterizations and exact learnability. ACM Trans. Database Syst., 47(4), nov 2022.","title":"Balder ten Cate and Víctor Dalmau. Conjunctive queries: Unique characterizations and exact learnability","authors":"Dalmau Cate","year":"2022","venue":"ACM Trans. Database Syst","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Cate and Koudijs, 2024] Balder ten Cate and Raoul Koudijs. Characterising modal formulas with examples, 2024. To appear in ACM Transactions on Computational Logic.","title":"Balder ten Cate and Raoul Koudijs. Characterising modal formulas with examples","authors":"Koudijs Cate","year":"2024","venue":"ACM Transactions on Computational Logic","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Cate et al., 2024] Balder ten Cate, Víctor Dalmau, and Jakub Opršal. Right-adjoints for datalog programs. In Proceed- ings of ICDT 2024, 2024.","title":"Balder ten Cate, Víctor Dalmau, and Jakub Opršal. Right-adjoints for datalog programs","authors":"Cate","year":"2024","venue":"Proceedings of ICDT 2024","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Donini et al., 1992] Francesco M. Donini, Maurizio Lenz- erini, Daniele Nardi, Bernhard Hollunder, Werner Nutt, and Alberto Marchetti Spaccamela. The complexity of existential quantification in concept languages. Artificial Intelligence, 53(2):309-327, 1992.","title":"The complexity of existential quantification in concept languages","authors":"Francesco M Donini, Maurizio Lenzerini, Daniele Nardi, Bernhard Hollunder, Werner Nutt, Alberto Marchetti Spaccamela","year":"1992","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Fanizzi et al., 2008] Nicola Fanizzi, Claudia d'Amato, and Floriana Esposito. DL-FOIL concept learning in descrip- tion logics. In Proc. of ILP, pages 107-121, 2008.","title":"DL-FOIL concept learning in description logics","authors":"Nicola Fanizzi, Claudia Amato, Floriana Esposito","year":"2008","venue":"Proc. of ILP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Fortin et al., 2022] Marie Fortin, Boris Konev, Vladislav Ryzhikov, Yury Savateev, Frank Wolter, and Michael Za- kharyaschev. Unique Characterisability and Learnability of Temporal Instance Queries. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Rep- resentation and Reasoning, pages 163-173, 8 2022.","title":"Unique Characterisability and Learnability of Temporal Instance Queries","authors":"Marie Fortin, Boris Konev, Vladislav Ryzhikov, Yury Savateev, Frank Wolter, Michael Zakharyaschev","year":"2022","venue":"Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Funk et al., 2019] Maurice Funk, Jean Christoph Jung, Carsten Lutz, Hadrien Pulcini, and Frank Wolter. Learning description logic concepts: When can positive and negative examples be separated? In IJCAI, pages 1682-1688, 2019.","title":"Learning description logic concepts: When can positive and negative examples be separated?","authors":"Maurice Funk, Jean, Christoph Jung, Carsten Lutz, Hadrien Pulcini, Frank Wolter","year":"2019","venue":"IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2019/233"},{"position":13,"raw":"[Funk et al., 2021] Maurice Funk, Jean Christoph Jung, and Carsten Lutz. Actively learning concept and conjunctive queries under EL r -ontologies. In IJCAI, pages 1887-1893, 2021.","title":"Actively learning concept and conjunctive queries under EL r -ontologies","authors":"Funk","year":"2021","venue":"IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Funk et al., 2022] Maurice Funk, Jean Christoph Jung, and Carsten Lutz. Frontiers and exact learning of ELI queries under dl-lite ontologies. In IJCAI, pages 2627-2633, 2022.","title":"Frontiers and exact learning of ELI queries under dl-lite ontologies","authors":"Maurice Funk, Jean, Christoph Jung, Carsten Lutz","year":"2022","venue":"IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2022/364"},{"position":15,"raw":"[Glavic et al., 2021] Boris Glavic, Alexandra Meliou, and Sudeepa Roy. Trends in Explanations -Understanding and Debugging Data-driven Systems. Foundations and Trends in Databases. Now Publishers, Inc., 2021.","title":"Trends in Explanations -Understanding and Debugging Data-driven Systems","authors":"Glavic","year":"2021","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Goldman and Kearns, 1995] S.A. Goldman and M.J. Kearns. On the complexity of teaching. Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 50(1):20-31, 1995.","title":"On the complexity of teaching","authors":"S A Goldman, M J Kearns","year":"1995","venue":"Journal of Computer and System Sciences","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Guimarães et al., 2023] Ricardo Guimarães, Ana Ozaki, and Jandson S. Ribeiro. Eviction and reception for description logic ontologies (preliminary results). In Kai Sauerwald and Matthias Thimm, editors, NMR], volume 3464 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings, pages 43-51. CEUR-WS.org, 2023.","title":"Eviction and reception for description logic ontologies (preliminary results)","authors":"Ricardo Guimarães, Ana Ozaki, Jandson S Ribeiro","year":"2023","venue":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Iannone et al., 2007] Luigi Iannone, Ignazio Palmisano, and Nicola Fanizzi. An algorithm based on counterfactuals for concept learning in the semantic web. Appl. Intell., 26(2):139-159, 2007.","title":"An algorithm based on counterfactuals for concept learning in the semantic web","authors":"Luigi Iannone, Ignazio Palmisano, Nicola Fanizzi","year":"2007","venue":"Appl. Intell","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Konev et al., 2016] Boris Konev, Ana Ozaki, and Frank Wolter. A model for learning description logic ontologies based on exact learning. In Dale Schuurmans and Michael P. Wellman, editors, AAAI, pages 1008-1015. AAAI Press, 2016.","title":"A model for learning description logic ontologies based on exact learning","authors":"Boris Konev, Ana Ozaki, Frank Wolter","year":"2016","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Kontchakov et al., 2010] Roman Kontchakov, Carsten Lutz, David Toman, Frank Wolter, and Michael Zakharyaschev. The combined approach to query answering in DL-Lite. In Proc. of KR, 2010.","title":"The combined approach to query answering in DL-Lite","authors":"Kontchakov","year":"2010","venue":"Proc. of KR","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Lehmann and Hitzler, 2007] Jens Lehmann and Pascal Hit- zler. Foundations of refinement operators for description logics. In International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming, 2007.","title":"Foundations of refinement operators for description logics","authors":"Hitzler Lehmann, Jens Lehmann, Pascal Hitzler","year":"2007","venue":"International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Lehmann and Hitzler, 2010] Jens Lehmann and Pascal Hit- zler. Concept learning in description logics using refine- ment operators. Mach. Learn., 78:203-250, 2010.","title":"Concept learning in description logics using refinement operators","authors":"Hitzler Lehmann","year":"2010","venue":"Mach. Learn","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Lehmann, 2009] Jens Lehmann. Dl-learner: Learning con- cepts in description logics. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 10:2639-2642, 2009.","title":"Dl-learner: Learning concepts in description logics","authors":"Jens Lehmann, Lehmann","year":"2009","venue":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Lutz and Wolter, 2010] Carsten Lutz and Frank Wolter. De- ciding inseparability and conservative extensions in the description logic EL. J. Symb. Comput., 45(2):194-228, 2010.","title":"Deciding inseparability and conservative extensions in the description logic EL","authors":"Wolter Lutz, Carsten Lutz, Frank Wolter","year":"2010","venue":"J. Symb. Comput","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":25,"raw":"[Mannila and Räihä, 1985] Heikki Mannila and Kari-Jouko Räihä. Test data for relational queries. Proceedings of the fifth ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on Principles of database systems, 1985.","title":"Test data for relational queries","authors":"Räihä Mannila, Heikki Mannila, Kari-Jouko Räihä","year":"1985","venue":"Proceedings of the fifth ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD symposium on Principles of database systems","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Ozaki et al., 2020] Ana Ozaki, Cosimo Persia, and Andrea Mazzullo. Learning query inseparable ELH ontologies. In AAAI, pages 2959-2966. AAAI Press, 2020.","title":"Learning query inseparable ELH ontologies","authors":"Ana Ozaki, Cosimo Persia, Andrea Mazzullo","year":"2020","venue":"AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":27,"raw":"[Ozaki, 2020] Ana Ozaki. Learning description logic ontolo- gies: Five approaches. where do they stand? Künstliche Intell., 34(3):317-327, 2020.","title":"Learning description logic ontologies: Five approaches. where do they stand?","authors":"Ana Ozaki","year":"2020","venue":"Künstliche Intell","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":28,"raw":"[Staworko and Wieczorek, 2015] Slawomir Staworko and Pi- otr Wieczorek. Characterizing xml twig queries with ex- amples. In International Conference on Database Theory, 2015.","title":"Slawomir Staworko and Piotr Wieczorek. Characterizing xml twig queries with examples","authors":"Wieczorek Staworko","year":"2015","venue":"International Conference on Database Theory","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":29,"raw":"[Telle et al., 2019] Jan Arne Telle, José Hernández-Orallo, and C. Ferri. The teaching size: computable teachers and learners for universal languages. Machine Learning, 108:1653-1675, 2019.","title":"The teaching size: computable teachers and learners for universal languages","authors":"Telle","year":"2019","venue":"Machine Learning","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}