{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Socially Intelligent Genetic Agents for the Emergence of Explicit Norms","authors":[{"name":"Rishabh Agrawal","slug":"rishabh-agrawal","given":"Rishabh","family":"Agrawal","affiliation":"North Carolina State University"},{"name":"Nirav Ajmeri","slug":"nirav-ajmeri","given":"Nirav","family":"Ajmeri","affiliation":"University of Bristol"},{"name":"Munindar Singh","slug":"munindar-singh","given":"Munindar","family":"Singh","affiliation":"North Carolina State University"}],"abstract":"Norms help regulate a society. Norms may be explicit (represented in structured form) or implicit. \r\nWe address the emergence of explicit norms by developing agents who provide and reason about explanations for norm violations in deciding sanctions and identifying alternative norms. These agents use a genetic algorithm to produce norms and reinforcement learning to learn the values of these norms.\r\nWe find that applying explanations leads to norms that provide better cohesion and goal satisfaction for the agents. Our results are stable for societies with differing attitudes of generosity.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2022/2","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/2","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/0002.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/2.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/bibtex/2","volume":{"slug":"2022","title":"Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2022","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2022/","year":2022,"location":"Vienna","dates":"23-29 July 2022","editors":"Luc De Raedt","isbn":"978-1-956792-00-3","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2022"},"section":"Agent-based and Multi-agent Systems","track":"Main Track","number":2,"pages":{"first":10,"last":16},"keywords":["Agent-based and Multi-agent Systems: Agent-Based Simulation and Emergence","Agent-based and Multi-agent Systems: Normative systems"],"videos":[{"label":"Video #1","url":"https://slideslive.com/38986924","length_sec":87,"provider":"slideslive"},{"label":"Video #2","url":"https://slideslive.com/38985067","length_sec":328,"provider":"slideslive"}],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Ajmeri et al., 2018] N. Ajmeri, H. Guo, P. Murukannaiah, and M. P. Singh. Robust norm emergence by revealing and reasoning about context. Proc. IJCAI, pp. 28-34, 2018.","title":"Robust norm emergence by revealing and reasoning about context","authors":"N Ajmeri, H Guo, P Murukannaiah, M P Singh","year":"2018","venue":"Proc. IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Ajmeri et al., 2020] N. Ajmeri, H. Guo, P. K. Murukanna- iah, and M. P. Singh. Elessar: Ethics in norm-aware agents. Proc. AAMAS, pp. 16-24, 2020.","title":"Elessar: Ethics in norm-aware agents","authors":"N Ajmeri, H Guo, P K Murukannaiah, M P Singh","year":"2020","venue":"Proc. AAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Butz and Wilson, 2000] M. V Butz and S. W Wilson. An algorithmic description of XCS. Proc. International Work- shop on Learning Classifier Systems, pp. 253-272, 2000.","title":"An algorithmic description of XCS","authors":"M Butz, S W Wilson","year":"2000","venue":"Proc. International Workshop on Learning Classifier Systems","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Chopra and Singh, 2016] A. K. Chopra and M. P. Singh. From Social Machines to Social Protocols. Proc. WWW, pp. 903-914, 2016.","title":"From Social Machines to Social Protocols","authors":"A K Chopra, M P Singh","year":"2016","venue":"Proc. WWW","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Castelfranchi, 2016] Cristiano Castelfranchi. A Cognitive Framing for Norm Change. Proc. COIN, pp. 22-41, 2016.","title":"A Cognitive Framing for Norm Change","authors":"Cristiano Castelfranchi","year":"2016","venue":"Proc. COIN","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Delgado, 2002] J. Delgado. Emergence of social conven- tions in complex networks. AIJ, 141(1-2):171-185, 2002.","title":"Emergence of social conventions in complex networks","authors":"J Delgado","year":"2002","venue":"AIJ","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Dell'Anna et al., 2020] D. Dell'Anna, M. Dastani, and F. Dalpiaz. Runtime revision of sanctions in normative multi- agent systems. JAAMAS, 34(2):1-54, 2020.","title":"Runtime revision of sanctions in normative multiagent systems","authors":"D Dell'anna, M Dastani, F Dalpiaz","year":"2020","venue":"JAAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Hao et al., 2018] J. Hao, J. Sun, G. Chen, Z. Wang, C. Yu, and Z. Ming. Efficient and robust emergence of norms through heuristic collective learning. ACM TAAS, 12(4):23:1-23:20, 2018.","title":"Efficient and robust emergence of norms through heuristic collective learning","authors":"J Hao, J Sun, G Chen, Z Wang, C Yu, Z Ming","year":"2018","venue":"ACM TAAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Haynes et al., 2017] C. Haynes, M. Luck, P. McBurney, S. Mahmoud, T. Vítek, and S. Miles. Engineering the emer- gence of norms: A review. KER, 32:e18, 2017.","title":"Engineering the emergence of norms: A review","authors":"C Haynes, M Luck, P Mcburney, S Mahmoud, T Vítek, S Miles","year":"2017","venue":"KER","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Hind et al., 2019] M. Hind, D. Wei, M. Campbell, N. Codella, A. Dhurandhar, A. Mojsilović, K. Ramamurthy, and K. Varshney. Ted: Teaching AI to explain its deci- sions. Proc. AIES, pp. 123-129, 2019.","title":"Ted: Teaching AI to explain its decisions","authors":"M Hind, D Wei, M Campbell, N Codella, A Dhurandhar, A Mojsilović, K Ramamurthy, K Varshney","year":"2019","venue":"Proc. AIES","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Jones and Sergot, 1993] A. J. I. Jones and M. J. Sergot. On the characterisation of law and computer systems. In De- ontic Logic in Computer Science, pp. 275-307, 1993.","title":"On the characterisation of law and computer systems","authors":"A J I Jones, M J Sergot","year":"1993","venue":"Deontic Logic in Computer Science","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Kafalı et al., 2020] Ö. Kafalı, N. Ajmeri, and M. P. Singh. DESEN: Specification of sociotechnical systems via pat- terns of regulation and control. ACM TOSEM, 29(1):7:1- 7:50, 2020.","title":"DESEN: Specification of sociotechnical systems via patterns of regulation and control","authors":"Kafalı","year":"2020","venue":"ACM TOSEM","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Kollingbaum et al., 2007] M. Kollingbaum, W. Vasconce- los, A. García-Camino, and T. Norman. Managing conflict resolution in norm-regulated environments. Proc. Intl Wk- shp. Engg. Societies in the Agents World, pp. 55-71. 2007.","title":"Managing conflict resolution in norm-regulated environments","authors":"M Kollingbaum, W Vasconcelos, A García-Camino, T Norman","year":"2007","venue":"Proc. Intl Wkshp. Engg. Societies in the Agents World","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Kovacs, 1999] Tim Kovacs. Deletion schemes for classi- fier systems. Proc. 1st Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO), pp. 329-336, 1999.","title":"Deletion schemes for classifier systems","authors":"Tim Kovacs, Kovacs","year":"1999","venue":"Proc. 1st Annual Conference on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation (GECCO)","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Liu et al., 2016] H. Liu, A. Gegov, and M. Cocea. Rule Based Systems for Big Data, Springer, 2016.","title":"Rule Based Systems for Big Data","authors":"H Liu, A Gegov, M Cocea","year":"2016","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Luke et al., 2005] S. Luke, C. Cioffi-Revilla, L. Panait, K. Sullivan, and G. Balan. MASON: A multiagent simulation environment. Simulation, 81(7), 2005.","title":"MASON: A multiagent simulation environment","authors":"S Luke, C Cioffi-Revilla, L Panait, K Sullivan, G Balan","year":"2005","venue":"Simulation","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Mashayekhi et al., 2022] M. Mashayekhi, N. Ajmeri, G. F. List, M. P. Singh. Prosocial Norm Emergence in Multia- gent Systems. ACM TAAS, 2022.","title":"Prosocial Norm Emergence in Multiagent Systems","authors":"M Mashayekhi, N Ajmeri, G F List, M P Singh","year":"2022","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Morales et al., 2014] J. Morales, M. López-Sánchez, J. A. Rodríguez-Aguilar, M. Wooldridge, and W. W. Vasconce- los. Minimality and simplicity in the on-line automated synthesis of normative systems. Proc. AAMAS, 2014.","title":"Minimality and simplicity in the on-line automated synthesis of normative systems","authors":"J Morales, M López-Sánchez, J A Rodríguez-Aguilar, M Wooldridge, W W Vasconcelos","year":"2014","venue":"Proc. AAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Morales et al., 2018] J. Morales, M. Wooldridge, J. A. Rodríguez-Aguilar, and M. López-Sánchez. Off-line syn- thesis of evolutionarily stable normative systems. JAA- MAS, 32(5):635-671, Sep 2018.","title":"Off-line synthesis of evolutionarily stable normative systems","authors":"J Morales, M Wooldridge, J A Rodríguez-Aguilar, M López-Sánchez","year":"2018","venue":"JAA-MAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Morris-Martin et al., 2019] A. Morris-Martin, M. De Vos, and J. Padget. Norm emergence in multiagent systems: A viewpoint paper. JAAMAS, 33(6):706-749, 2019.","title":"Norm emergence in multiagent systems: A viewpoint paper","authors":"Morris-Martin","year":"2019","venue":"JAAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Mosca and Such, 2021] F. Mosca and J. M. Such. ELVIRA: an Explainable Agent for Value and Utility-driven Mul- tiuser Privacy. Proc. AAMAS, pp. 916-924, 2021.","title":"ELVIRA: an Explainable Agent for Value and Utility-driven Multiuser Privacy","authors":"F Mosca, J M Such","year":"2021","venue":"Proc. AAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Murukannaiah et al., 2020] P. K. Murukannaiah, N. Ajmeri, C. M. Jonker, and M. P. Singh. New foundations of ethical multiagent systems. Proc. AAMAS Blue Sky Track, 2020.","title":"New foundations of ethical multiagent systems","authors":"P K Murukannaiah, N Ajmeri, C M Jonker, M P Singh","year":"2020","venue":"Proc. AAMAS Blue Sky Track","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Nardin et al., 2016] L. Nardin, T. Balke-Visser, N. Ajmeri, A. Kalia, J. Sichman, and M. Singh. Classifying sanctions and designing a conceptual sanctioning process model for socio-technical systems. KER, 31(2):142-166, 2016.","title":"Classifying sanctions and designing a conceptual sanctioning process model for socio-technical systems","authors":"L Nardin, T Balke-Visser, N Ajmeri, A Kalia, J Sichman, M Singh","year":"2016","venue":"KER","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Santos et al., 2017] J. S. Santos, J. O. Zahn, E. A. Silvestre, V. T. Silva, and W. W. Vasconcelos. Detection and res- olution of normative conflicts in multi-agent systems: A literature survey. JAAMAS, 31(6):1236-1282, 2017.","title":"Detection and resolution of normative conflicts in multi-agent systems: A literature survey","authors":"J S Santos, J O Zahn, E A Silvestre, V T Silva, W W Vasconcelos","year":"2017","venue":"JAAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":25,"raw":"[Santos et al., 2019] F. P. Santos, J. M. Pacheco, A. Paiva, and F. C. Santos. Evolution of collective fairness in hybrid populations of humans and agents. Proc. AAAI, 2019.","title":"Evolution of collective fairness in hybrid populations of humans and agents","authors":"F P Santos, J M Pacheco, A Paiva, F C Santos","year":"2019","venue":"Proc. AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Serramia et al., 2018] M. Serramia, M. López-Sánchez, J. A. Rodríguez-Aguilar, M. Rodríguez, M. Wooldridge, J. Morales, and C. Ansótegui. Moral values in norm decision making. Proc. AAMAS, pp. 1294-1302, 2018.","title":"Moral values in norm decision making","authors":"M Serramia, M López-Sánchez, J A Rodríguez-Aguilar, M Rodríguez, M Wooldridge, J Morales, C Ansótegui","year":"2018","venue":"Proc. AAMAS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":27,"raw":"[Singh, 2013] M. P. Singh. Norms as a basis for governing sociotechnical systems. ACM TIST, 5(1) article 21, 2013.","title":"Norms as a basis for governing sociotechnical systems","authors":"M P Singh","year":"2013","venue":"ACM TIST","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":28,"raw":"[Urbanowicz and Browne, 2017] R. J. Urbanowicz and W. N. Browne. Introduction to Learning Classifier Systems. Springer, 2017.","title":"Introduction to Learning Classifier Systems","authors":"R J Urbanowicz, W N Browne","year":"2017","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":29,"raw":"[Von Wright, 1963] Georg Henrik Von Wright. Norm and Action: A Logical Enquiry. Humanities Press, 1963.","title":"Norm and Action: A Logical Enquiry","authors":"Von Wright, ;, Georg Henrik, Von Wright","year":"1963","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":30,"raw":"[Widrow and Hoff, 1960] B. Widrow and M. E. Hoff. Adap- tive switching circuits. Technical report 1553-1, Stanford Electronics Labs, Stanford University, 1960.","title":"Adaptive switching circuits","authors":"B Widrow, M E Hoff","year":"1960","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":31,"raw":"[Woodgate and Ajmeri, 2022] J. Woodgate and N. Ajmeri. Macro ethics for governing equitable sociotechnical sys- tems. Proc. AAMAS Blue Sky Track, pp. 1824-1828, 2022.","title":"Macro ethics for governing equitable sociotechnical systems","authors":"J Woodgate, N Ajmeri","year":"2022","venue":"Proc. AAMAS Blue Sky Track","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":32,"raw":"[Ye and Johnson, 1995] L. R. Ye and P. E. Johnson. The im- pact of explanation facilities on user acceptance of expert systems advice. MIS Quarterly, pp. 157-172, 1995.","title":"The impact of explanation facilities on user acceptance of expert systems advice","authors":"L R Ye, P E Johnson","year":"1995","venue":"MIS Quarterly","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}