{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Natural Language Understanding: Instructions for (Present and Future) Use","authors":[{"name":"Roberto Navigli","slug":"roberto-navigli","given":"Roberto","family":"Navigli","affiliation":"Department of Computer Science Sapienza University of Rome Viale Regina Elena 295 , Rome , Italy"}],"abstract":"In this paper I look at Natural Language Understanding, an area of Natural Language Processing aimed at making sense of text, through the lens of a visionary future: what do we expect a machine should be able to understand? and what are the key dimensions that require the attention of researchers to make this dream come true?","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2018/812","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/812","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0812.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/812.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/bibtex/812","volume":{"slug":"2018","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2018","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/","year":2018,"location":"Stockholm","dates":"13-19 July 2018","editors":"Jérôme Lang","isbn":"978-0-9992411-2-7","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2018"},"section":"Early Career","track":"Early Career","number":812,"pages":{"first":5697,"last":5702},"keywords":["Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Semantics","Natural Language Processing: Resources and Evaluation"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Abend and Rappoport, 2013] Omri Abend and Ari Rap- poport. Universal conceptual cognitive annotation (UCCA). In Proc. of ACL, pages 228-238, 2013.","title":"Omri Abend and Ari Rappoport. Universal conceptual cognitive annotation (UCCA)","authors":"Rappoport Abend","year":"2013","venue":"Proc. of ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Agirre et al., 2014] Eneko Agirre, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Aitor Soroa. Random walks for knowledge-based word sense disambiguation. Computational Linguistics, 40(1):57-84, 2014.","title":"Random walks for knowledge-based word sense disambiguation","authors":"Eneko Agirre, Oier Lopez De Lacalle, Aitor Soroa","year":"2014","venue":"Computational Linguistics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Baker et al., 1998] Collin F. Baker, Charles J. Fillmore, and John B. Lowe. The Berkeley Framenet project. In Proc. of ACL, pages 86-90, 1998.","title":"The Berkeley Framenet project","authors":"Collin F Baker, Charles J Fillmore, John B Lowe","year":"1998","venue":"Proc. of ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Banarescu et al., 2013] Laura Banarescu, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Herm- jakob, Kevin Knight, Philipp Koehn, Martha Palmer, and Nathan Schneider. Abstract meaning representation for sembanking. In Proc. of 7th Linguistic Annotation Work- shop and Interoperability with Discourse, 2013.","title":"Abstract meaning representation for sembanking","authors":"Laura Banarescu, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Hermjakob, Kevin Knight, Philipp Koehn, Martha Palmer, Nathan Schneider","year":"2013","venue":"Proc. of 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Basile et al., 2012] Valerio Basile, Johan Bos, Kilian Evang, and Noortje Venhuizen. Negation detection with discourse representation structures. In *SEM, 2012.","title":"Negation detection with discourse representation structures","authors":"Johan Valerio Basile, Kilian Bos, Noortje Evang, Venhuizen","year":"2012","venue":"SEM","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Bond and Foster, 2013] Francis Bond and Ryan Foster. Linking and extending an open multilingual wordnet. In Proc. of ACL, pages 1352-1362, 2013.","title":"Francis Bond and Ryan Foster. Linking and extending an open multilingual wordnet","authors":"Foster Bond","year":"2013","venue":"Proc. of ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Camacho-Collados et al., 2016] José Camacho-Collados, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, and Roberto Navigli. NASARI: Integrating Explicit Knowledge and Corpus Statistics for a Multilingual Representation of Concepts and Entities. Artificial Intelligence, 240:36-64, 2016.","title":"José Camacho-Collados, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, and Roberto Navigli. NASARI: Integrating Explicit Knowledge and Corpus Statistics for a Multilingual Representation of Concepts and Entities","authors":"Camacho-Collados","year":"2016","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Conneau et al., 2017] Alexis Conneau, Guillaume Lample, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, Ludovic Denoyer, and Hervé Jégou. Word translation without parallel data. arXiv preprint arXiv:1710.04087, 2017.","title":"Word translation without parallel data","authors":"Alexis Conneau, Guillaume Lample, Marc'aurelio Ranzato, Ludovic Denoyer, Hervé Jégou","year":"2017","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Damonte et al., 2017] Marco Damonte, Shay B. Cohen, and Giorgio Satta. An incremental parser for abstract meaning representation. In Proc. of EACL, pages 536-546, 2017.","title":"An incremental parser for abstract meaning representation","authors":"Marco Damonte, Shay B Cohen, Giorgio Satta","year":"2017","venue":"Proc. of EACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Etzioni et al., 2007] Oren Etzioni, Michele Banko, and Michael J. Cafarella. Machine reading. In 2007 AAAI Spring Symposium, pages 1-5, 2007.","title":"Machine reading","authors":"Oren Etzioni, Michele Banko, Michael J Cafarella","year":"2007","venue":"AAAI Spring Symposium","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Fillmore, 1982] Charles Fillmore. Frame semantics. Lin- guistics in the morning calm, pages 111-137, 1982.","title":"Frame semantics","authors":"Charles Fillmore","year":"1982","venue":"Linguistics in the morning calm","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Foland and Martin, 2017] William Foland and James H. Martin. Abstract meaning representation parsing using LSTM recurrent neural networks. In ACL, 2017.","title":"Abstract meaning representation parsing using LSTM recurrent neural networks","authors":"William Foland, James H Martin","year":"2017","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Gildea and Jurafsky, 2002] Daniel Gildea and Daniel Juraf- sky. Automatic labeling of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 28(3):245-288, 2002.","title":"Automatic labeling of semantic roles","authors":"Jurafsky Gildea","year":"2002","venue":"Computational Linguistics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Hovy et al., 2006] Eduard Hovy, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer, Lance Ramshaw, and Ralph Weischedel. Ontonotes: The 90% solution. In HLT-NAACL, 2006.","title":"Ontonotes: The 90% solution","authors":"Hovy","year":"2006","venue":"HLT-NAACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Iacobacci et al., 2015] Ignacio Iacobacci, Moham- mad Taher Pilehvar, and Roberto Navigli. Sensembed: Learning sense embeddings for word and relational similarity. In Proc. of ACL, pages 95-105, 2015.","title":"Sensembed: Learning sense embeddings for word and relational similarity","authors":"Ignacio Iacobacci, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, Roberto Navigli","year":"2015","venue":"Proc. of ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Kilgarriff, 2004] Adam Kilgarriff. How dominant is the commonest sense of a word? In Text, Speech and Dia- logue, pages 103-111. Springer, 2004.","title":"How dominant is the commonest sense of a word?","authors":"Adam Kilgarriff, Kilgarriff","year":"2004","venue":"Text, Speech and Dialogue","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Kipper et al., 2000] Karin Kipper, Hoa Trang Dang, and Martha Stone Palmer. Class-based construction of a verb lexicon. In Proc. of AAAI, pages 691-696, 2000.","title":"Class-based construction of a verb lexicon","authors":"Karin Kipper, Hoa, Trang Dang, Martha Stone Palmer","year":"2000","venue":"Proc. of AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Koehn et al., 2003] Philipp Koehn, Franz Josef Och, and Daniel Marcu. Statistical phrase-based translation. In Proc. of NAACL, pages 48-54, 2003.","title":"Statistical phrase-based translation","authors":"Philipp Koehn, Franz, Josef Och, Daniel Marcu","year":"2003","venue":"Proc. of NAACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Levin, 1993] Beth Levin. English verb classes and alterna- tions: A preliminary investigation. U.Chicago press, 1993.","title":"English verb classes and alternations: A preliminary investigation","authors":"Beth Levin","year":"1993","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Mancini et al., 2017] Massimiliano Mancini, José Camacho-Collados, Ignacio Iacobacci, and Roberto Navigli. Embedding words and senses together via joint knowledge-enhanced training. In CoNLL, 2017.","title":"Embedding words and senses together via joint knowledge-enhanced training","authors":"Massimiliano Mancini, José Camacho-Collados, Ignacio Iacobacci, Roberto Navigli","year":"2017","venue":"CoNLL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Manning, 2015] Christopher D. Manning. Computational linguistics and deep learning. Computational Linguistics, 41(4):701-707, 2015.","title":"Computational linguistics and deep learning","authors":"D Christopher, Manning","year":"2015","venue":"Computational Linguistics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[McCorduck, 2004] Pamela McCorduck. Machines Who Think. A. K. Peters, 2004.","title":"Machines Who Think","authors":"Pamela Mccorduck, ; A K Peters","year":"2004","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Melamud et al., 2016] Oren Melamud, Jacob Goldberger, and Ido Dagan. context2vec: Learning generic context embedding with bidirectional LSTM. In CoNLL, 2016.","title":"context2vec: Learning generic context embedding with bidirectional LSTM","authors":"Oren Melamud, Jacob Goldberger, Ido Dagan","year":"2016","venue":"CoNLL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Miller et al., 1990] George A. Miller, R.T. Beckwith, C. D. Fellbaum, D. Gross, and K. Miller. WordNet: an online lexical database. Int J. Lexicography, 3(4):235-244, 1990.","title":"WordNet: an online lexical database","authors":"George A Miller, R T Beckwith, C D Fellbaum, D Gross, K Miller","year":"1990","venue":"Int J. Lexicography","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":25,"raw":"[Miller et al., 1993] George A. Miller, Claudia Leacock, Randee Tengi, and Ross Bunker. A semantic concordance. In Proc. of 3rd Workshop on HLT, pages 303-308, 1993.","title":"A semantic concordance","authors":"George A Miller, Claudia Leacock, Randee Tengi, Ross Bunker","year":"1993","venue":"Proc. of 3rd Workshop on HLT","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Minsky, 1975] Marvin Minsky. A framework for represent- ing knowledge. AI memo, MIT, 1975.","title":"A framework for representing knowledge","authors":"Marvin Minsky","year":"1975","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":27,"raw":"[Moro et al., 2014] Andrea Moro, Alessandro Raganato, and Roberto Navigli. Entity Linking meets Word Sense Dis- ambiguation: a Unified Approach. TACL, 2:231-244, 2014.","title":"Entity Linking meets Word Sense Disambiguation: a Unified Approach","authors":"Andrea Moro, Alessandro Raganato, Roberto Navigli","year":"2014","venue":"TACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":28,"raw":"[Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012] Roberto Navigli and Si- mone Paolo Ponzetto. BabelNet: The automatic con- struction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network. Artificial Intelligence, 193:217-250, 2012.","title":"Roberto Navigli and Simone Paolo Ponzetto. BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network","authors":"Ponzetto Navigli","year":"2012","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":29,"raw":"[Navigli, 2006] Roberto Navigli. Meaningful clustering of senses helps boost word sense disambiguation perfor- mance. In Proc. of ACL 2006, pages 105-112, 2006.","title":"Meaningful clustering of senses helps boost word sense disambiguation performance","authors":"Roberto Navigli","year":"2006","venue":"Proc. of ACL 2006","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":30,"raw":"[Navigli, 2009] Roberto Navigli. Word Sense Disambigua- tion: a survey. ACM Comput. Surveys, 41(2):1-69, 2009.","title":"Word Sense Disambiguation: a survey","authors":"Roberto Navigli","year":"2009","venue":"ACM Comput. Surveys","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":31,"raw":"[Palmer et al., 2005] Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. The Proposition Bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 31(1):71-106, 2005.","title":"The Proposition Bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles","authors":"Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, Paul Kingsbury","year":"2005","venue":"Computational Linguistics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":32,"raw":"[Pasini and Navigli, 2017] Tommaso Pasini and Roberto Navigli. Train-O-Matic: Large-Scale Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation in Multiple Languages without Manual Training Data. In EMNLP, pages 78-88, 2017.","title":"Train-O-Matic: Large-Scale Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation in Multiple Languages without Manual Training Data","authors":"Tommaso Pasini, Roberto Navigli","year":"2017","venue":"EMNLP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":33,"raw":"[Pilehvar and Collier, 2016] Mohammad Taher Pilehvar and Nigel Collier. De-conflated semantic representations. In Proc. of EMNLP, pages 1680-1690, 2016.","title":"De-conflated semantic representations","authors":"Mohammad Taher, Pilehvar, Nigel Collier","year":"2016","venue":"Proc. of EMNLP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":34,"raw":"[Raganato et al., 2017] Alessandro Raganato, Claudio Delli Bovi, and Roberto Navigli. Neural Sequence Learning Models for Word Sense Disambiguation. In Proc. of EMNLP 2017, pages 1156-1167, 2017.","title":"Neural Sequence Learning Models for Word Sense Disambiguation","authors":"Alessandro Raganato, Claudio Delli Bovi, Roberto Navigli","year":"2017","venue":"Proc. of EMNLP 2017","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":35,"raw":"[Rothe and Schütze, 2015] Sascha Rothe and Hinrich Schütze. Autoextend: Extending word embeddings to embeddings for synsets and lexemes. In ACL, 2015.","title":"Autoextend: Extending word embeddings to embeddings for synsets and lexemes","authors":"Schütze Rothe, Sascha Rothe, Hinrich Schütze","year":"2015","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":36,"raw":"[Searle, 1980] John R. Searle. Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3:417-424, 1980.","title":"Minds, brains, and programs","authors":"John R Searle","year":"1980","venue":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":37,"raw":"[Snow et al., 2007] Rion Snow, Sushant Prakash, Daniel Ju- rafsky, and Andrew Y. Ng. Learning to merge word senses. In Proc. of EMNLP-CoNLL 2007, pages 1005-1014, 2007.","title":"Learning to merge word senses","authors":"Rion Snow, Sushant Prakash, Daniel Jurafsky, Andrew Y Ng","year":"2007","venue":"Proc. of EMNLP-CoNLL 2007","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":38,"raw":"[Taghipour and Ng, 2015] Kaveh Taghipour and Hwee Tou Ng. One million sense-tagged instances for word sense disambiguation and induction. In CoNLL, 2015.","title":"One million sense-tagged instances for word sense disambiguation and induction","authors":"Ng Taghipour, Kaveh Taghipour, Hwee Tou Ng","year":"2015","venue":"CoNLL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":39,"raw":"[Turing, 1950] Alan M. Turing. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 54:443-460, 1950.","title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","authors":"Alan M Turing","year":"1950","venue":"Mind","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":40,"raw":"[Yuan et al., 2016] Dayu Yuan, Julian Richardson, Ryan Do- herty, Colin Evans, and Eric Altendorf. Semi-supervised word sense disambiguation with neural models. In Proc. of COLING, pages 1374--1385, 2016.","title":"Semi-supervised word sense disambiguation with neural models","authors":"Dayu Yuan, Julian Richardson, Ryan Doherty, Colin Evans, Eric Altendorf","year":"2016","venue":"Proc. of COLING","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":41,"raw":"[Zipf, 1935] George Kingsley Zipf. The Psycho-biology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology. Houghton Mifflin, 1935.","title":"The Psycho-biology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology","authors":"George Kingsley, Zipf","year":"1935","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}