{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Accelerating Innovation Through Analogy Mining","authors":[{"name":"Tom Hope","slug":"tom-hope","given":"Tom","family":"Hope","affiliation":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem"},{"name":"Joel Chan","slug":"joel-chan","given":"Joel","family":"Chan","affiliation":"Carnegie Mellon University"},{"name":"Aniket Kittur","slug":"aniket-kittur","given":"Aniket","family":"Kittur","affiliation":"Carnegie Mellon University"},{"name":"Dafna Shahaf","slug":"dafna-shahaf","given":"Dafna","family":"Shahaf","affiliation":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem"}],"abstract":"The availability of large idea repositories (e.g.,  patents) could significantly accelerate innovation and discovery by providing people inspiration from solutions to analogous problems. However, finding useful analogies in these large, messy, real-world repositories remains a persistent challenge for both humans and computers. Previous approaches include costly hand-created databases that do not scale, or machine-learning similarity metrics that struggle to account for structural similarity, which is central to analogy. In this paper we explore the viability and value of learning simple structural representations. Our approach combines crowdsourcing and recurrent neural networks to extract purpose and mechanism  vector representations from product descriptions. We demonstrate that these learned vectors allow us to find analogies with higher precision and recall than traditional methods. In an ideation experiment, analogies retrieved by our models significantly increased people's likelihood of generating creative ideas.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2018/736","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/736","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0736.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/736.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/bibtex/736","volume":{"slug":"2018","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2018","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/","year":2018,"location":"Stockholm","dates":"13-19 July 2018","editors":"Jérôme Lang","isbn":"978-0-9992411-2-7","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2018"},"section":"Sister Conferences Best Papers","track":"Best Sister Conferences","number":736,"pages":{"first":5274,"last":5278},"keywords":["Natural Language Processing: Information Retrieval","Humans and AI: Human-Computer Interaction","Machine Learning: Data Mining","Natural Language Processing: NLP Applications and Tools","Multidisciplinary Topics and Applications: Information Retrieval"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Blei et al., 2003] David M. Blei, Andrew Y. Ng, Michael I. Jordan, and John Lafferty. Latent Dirichlet Allocation. Journal of Machine Learning Research, pages 993-1022, 2003.","title":"Latent Dirichlet Allocation","authors":"David M Blei, Andrew Y Ng, Michael I Jordan, John Lafferty","year":"2003","venue":"Journal of Machine Learning Research","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Chan and Schunn, 2015] Joel Chan and Christian D. Schunn. The importance of iteration in creative concep- tual combination. Cognition, 145:104-115, 2015.","title":"The importance of iteration in creative conceptual combination","authors":"Joel Chan, Christian D Schunn","year":"2015","venue":"Cognition","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Dahl and Moreau, 2002] Darren W Dahl and Page Moreau. The influence and value of analogical thinking during new product ideation. Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 2002.","title":"The influence and value of analogical thinking during new product ideation","authors":"Darren W Dahl, Page Moreau","year":"2002","venue":"Journal of Marketing Research","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Deerwester et al., 1990] Scott Deerwester, Susan T. Du- mais, Geroge W. Furnas, and Thomas K. Landauer. In- dexing by Latent Semantic Analysis. JASIST, 41(6):1990, 1990.","title":"Indexing by Latent Semantic Analysis","authors":"Scott Deerwester, Susan T Dumais, Geroge W Furnas, Thomas K Landauer","year":"1990","venue":"JASIST","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Falkenhainer et al., 1989] Brian Falkenhainer, Kenneth D. Forbus, and Dedre Gentner. The structure-mapping en- gine: Algorithm and examples. Artificial Intelligence, 41(1), 1989.","title":"The structure-mapping engine: Algorithm and examples","authors":"Brian Falkenhainer, Kenneth D Forbus, Dedre Gentner","year":"1989","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Gentner et al., 1985] Dedre Gentner, Russell Landers, et al. Analogical reminding: A good match is hard to find. In Proceedings of the international conference on systems, man and cybernetics, pages 607-613, 1985.","title":"Analogical reminding: A good match is hard to find","authors":"Dedre Gentner, Russell Landers","year":"1985","venue":"Proceedings of the international conference on systems, man and cybernetics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Gentner et al., 1993] Dedre Gentner, Mary Jo Rattermann, and Kenneth D Forbus. The roles of similarity in transfer: Separating retrievability from inferential soundness. Cog- nitive psychology, 25(4):524-575, 1993.","title":"The roles of similarity in transfer: Separating retrievability from inferential soundness","authors":"Dedre Gentner, Mary Jo Rattermann, Kenneth D Forbus","year":"1993","venue":"Cognitive psychology","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Gentner, 1983] Dedre Gentner. Structure-mapping: A the- oretical framework for analogy*. Cognitive science, 7(2):155-170, 1983.","title":"Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy","authors":"Dedre Gentner","year":"1983","venue":"Cognitive science","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Gick and Holyoak, 1983] M. L. Gick and K. J. Holyoak. Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psy- chology, 15(1):1-38, 1983.","title":"Schema induction and analogical transfer","authors":"M L Gick, K J Holyoak","year":"1983","venue":"Cognitive Psychology","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Halford et al., 2005] Graeme S Halford, Rosemary Baker, Julie E McCredden, and John D Bain. How many vari- ables can humans process? Psychological science, 16(1), 2005.","title":"How many variables can humans process?","authors":"Graeme S Halford, Rosemary Baker, Julie E Mccredden, John D Bain","year":"2005","venue":"Psychological science","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Hesse, 1966] Mary B Hesse. Models and analogies in sci- ence. 1966.","title":"Models and analogies in science","authors":"Mary B Hesse","year":"1966","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Hirtz et al., 2002] Julie Hirtz, Robert B Stone, Daniel A McAdams, Simon Szykman, and Kristin L Wood. A func- tional basis for engineering design: reconciling and evolv- ing previous efforts. Research in engineering Design, 13(2):65-82, 2002.","title":"A functional basis for engineering design: reconciling and evolving previous efforts","authors":"Julie Hirtz, Robert B Stone, Daniel A Mcadams, Simon Szykman, Kristin L Wood","year":"2002","venue":"Research in engineering Design","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Holyoak and Thagard, 1996] Keith James Holyoak and Paul Thagard. Mental leaps: Analogy in creative thought. MIT press, 1996.","title":"Mental leaps: Analogy in creative thought","authors":"Keith James, Holyoak, Paul Thagard","year":"1996","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Hope et al., 2017] Tom Hope, Joel Chan, Aniket Kittur, and Dafna Shahaf. Accelerating innovation through analogy mining. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD Inter- national Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pages 235-243. ACM, 2017.","title":"Accelerating innovation through analogy mining","authors":"Tom Hope, Joel Chan, Aniket Kittur, Dafna Shahaf","year":"2017","venue":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Kittur et al., 2008] Aniket Kittur, Ed H. Chi, and Bongwon Suh. Crowdsourcing User Studies with Mechanical Turk. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Fac- tors in Computing Systems, CHI '08, pages 453-456, New York, NY, USA, 2008. ACM.","title":"Crowdsourcing User Studies with Mechanical Turk","authors":"Aniket Kittur, Ed H Chi, Bongwon Suh","year":"2008","venue":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '08","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Markman and Loewenstein, 2010] Arthur B Markman and Jeffrey Loewenstein. Structural comparison and consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(2):126-137, 2010.","title":"Structural comparison and consumer choice","authors":"Loewenstein ; Markman, B Arthur, Jeffrey Markman, Loewenstein","year":"2010","venue":"Journal of Consumer Psychology","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Mikolov et al., 2013] Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Cor- rado, and Jeffrey Dean. Efficient Estimation of Word Rep- resentations in Vector Space. arXiv:1301.3781 [cs], Jan- uary 2013. arXiv: 1301.3781.","title":"Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space","authors":"Mikolov","year":"2013","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Ookubo et al., 2007] Masanori Ookubo, Yusuke Koji, Munehiko Sasajima, Yoshinobu Kitamura, and Riichiro Mizoguchi. Towards interoperability between functional taxonomies using an ontology-based mapping. In Proc. of ICED 2007, 2007.","title":"Towards interoperability between functional taxonomies using an ontology-based mapping","authors":"Masanori Ookubo, Yusuke Koji, Munehiko Sasajima, Yoshinobu Kitamura, Riichiro Mizoguchi","year":"2007","venue":"Proc. of ICED 2007","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Pennington et al., 2014] Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher D Manning. Glove: Global vectors for word representation. In EMNLP, volume 14, pages 1532-43, 2014.","title":"Glove: Global vectors for word representation","authors":"Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, Christopher D Manning","year":"2014","venue":"EMNLP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Ravi et al., 1994] Sekharipuram S Ravi, Daniel J Rosenkrantz, and Giri Kumar Tayi. Heuristic and special case algorithms for dispersion problems. Operations Research, 42(2):299-310, 1994.","title":"Heuristic and special case algorithms for dispersion problems","authors":"S Sekharipuram, Daniel J Ravi, Giri Rosenkrantz, Tayi Kumar","year":"1994","venue":"Operations Research","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Reinig et al., 2007] Bruce A. Reinig, Robert O. Briggs, and Jay F. Nunamaker. On the Measurement of Ideation Quality. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23(4):143-161, May 2007.","title":"On the Measurement of Ideation Quality","authors":"Bruce A Reinig, Robert O Briggs, Jay F Nunamaker","year":"2007","venue":"Journal of Management Information Systems","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Runco and Jaeger, 2012] Mark A. Runco and Garrett J. Jaeger. The Standard Definition of Creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24(1):92-96, January 2012.","title":"The Standard Definition of Creativity","authors":"Mark A Runco, Garrett J Jaeger","year":"2012","venue":"Creativity Research Journal","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Tseng et al., 2008] Ian Tseng, Jarrod Moss, Jonathan Ca- gan, and Kenneth Kotovsky. The role of timing and ana- logical similarity in the stimulation of idea generation in design. Design Studies, 29(3):203-221, 2008.","title":"The role of timing and analogical similarity in the stimulation of idea generation in design","authors":"Ian Tseng, Jarrod Moss, Jonathan Cagan, Kenneth Kotovsky","year":"2008","venue":"Design Studies","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Ullman, 2002] D. Ullman. The Mechanical Design Process. New York, NY, 3 edition, 2002.","title":"The Mechanical Design Process","authors":"D Ullman","year":"2002","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":25,"raw":"[Yu et al., 2014a] L Yu, B Kraut, and A Kittur. Distributed analogical idea generation: innovating with crowds. In CHI'14, 2014.","title":"Distributed analogical idea generation: innovating with crowds","authors":"Yu","year":"2014","venue":"CHI'14","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Yu et al., 2014b] Lixiu Yu, Aniket Kittur, and Robert E Kraut. Searching for analogical ideas with crowds. In Pro- ceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems, 2014.","title":"Searching for analogical ideas with crowds","authors":"Yu","year":"2014","venue":"Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":27,"raw":"[Yu et al., 2016a] Lixiu Yu, Aniket Kittur, and Robert E Kraut. Encouraging \"outside-the-box\" thinking in crowd innovation through identifying domains of expertise. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer- Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, pages 1214-1222. ACM, 2016.","title":"Encouraging \"outside-the-box\" thinking in crowd innovation through identifying domains of expertise","authors":"Yu","year":"2016","venue":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":28,"raw":"[Yu et al., 2016b] Lixiu Yu, Robert E Kraut, and Aniket Kit- tur. Distributed analogical idea generation with multiple constraints. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Com- puting, pages 1236-1245. ACM, 2016.","title":"Distributed analogical idea generation with multiple constraints","authors":"Yu","year":"2016","venue":"Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}