{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Hierarchical Expertise Level Modeling for User Specific Contrastive Explanations","authors":[{"name":"Sarath Sreedharan","slug":"sarath-sreedharan","given":"Sarath","family":"Sreedharan","affiliation":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85281 USA"},{"name":"Siddharth Srivastava","slug":"siddharth-srivastava","given":"Siddharth","family":"Srivastava","affiliation":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85281 USA"},{"name":"Subbarao Kambhampati","slug":"subbarao-kambhampati","given":"Subbarao","family":"Kambhampati","affiliation":"School of Computing, Informatics, and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University , Tempe , AZ 85281 USA"}],"abstract":"There is a growing interest within the AI research community in developing autonomous systems capable of explaining their behavior to users. However, the problem of computing explanations for users of different levels of expertise has received little research attention. We propose an approach for addressing this problem by representing the user's understanding of the task as an abstraction of the domain model that the planner uses. We present algorithms for generating minimal explanations in cases where this abstract human model is not known. We reduce the problem of generating an explanation to a search over the space of abstract models and show that while the complete problem is NP-hard, a greedy algorithm can provide good approximations of the optimal solution. We also empirically show that our approach can efficiently compute explanations for a variety of problems.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2018/671","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/671","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0671.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/671.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/bibtex/671","volume":{"slug":"2018","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2018","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/","year":2018,"location":"Stockholm","dates":"13-19 July 2018","editors":"Jérôme Lang","isbn":"978-0-9992411-2-7","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2018"},"section":"Planning and Scheduling","track":"Main track","number":671,"pages":{"first":4829,"last":4836},"keywords":["Humans and AI: Human-AI Collaboration","Planning and Scheduling: Robot Planning"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Backstrom and Jonsson, 2013] Christer Backstrom and Pe- ter Jonsson. Bridging the gap between refinement and heuristics in abstraction. In Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2013.","title":"Bridging the gap between refinement and heuristics in abstraction","authors":"Jonsson Backstrom, Christer Backstrom, Peter Jonsson","year":"2013","venue":"Twenty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2013/334"},{"position":2,"raw":"[Bercher et al., 2014] Pascal Bercher, Susanne Biundo, Thomas Geier, Thilo Hoernle, Florian Nothdurft, Felix Richter, and Bernd Schattenberg. Plan, repair, execute, explain-how planning helps to assemble your home theater. In ICAPS, 2014.","title":"Plan, repair, execute, explain-how planning helps to assemble your home theater","authors":"Pascal Bercher, Susanne Biundo, Thomas Geier, Thilo Hoernle, Florian Nothdurft, Felix Richter, Bernd Schattenberg","year":"2014","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Bernhard and Vygen, 2008] Korte Bernhard and J Vy- gen. Combinatorial optimization: Theory and algorithms. Springer, Third Edition, 2005., 2008.","title":"Combinatorial optimization: Theory and algorithms","authors":"Korte Bernhard, Vygen","year":"2005","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Chakraborti et al., 2017] Tathagata Chakraborti, Sarath Sreedharan, Yu Zhang, and Subbarao Kambhampati. Plan explanations as model reconciliation: Moving beyond explanation as soliloquy. In IJCAI, 2017.","title":"Plan explanations as model reconciliation: Moving beyond explanation as soliloquy","authors":"Tathagata Chakraborti, Sarath Sreedharan, Yu Zhang, Subbarao Kambhampati","year":"2017","venue":"IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2017/23"},{"position":5,"raw":"[Clarke et al., 2000] Edmund Clarke, Orna Grum- berg, Somesh Jha, Yuan Lu, and Helmut Veith. Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement. In International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, pages 154-169. Springer, 2000.","title":"Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement","authors":"Edmund Clarke, Orna Grumberg, Somesh Jha, Yuan Lu, Helmut Veith","year":"2000","venue":"International Conference on Computer Aided Verification","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Culberson and Schaeffer, 1998] Joseph C Culberson and Jonathan Schaeffer. Pattern databases. Computational In- telligence, 14(3):318-334, 1998.","title":"Pattern databases","authors":"C Joseph, Jonathan Culberson, Schaeffer","year":"1998","venue":"Computational Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Edelkamp, 2000] Stefan Edelkamp. Planning with pattern databases. In ECP, 2000.","title":"Planning with pattern databases","authors":"Stefan Edelkamp","year":"2000","venue":"ECP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Fox et al., 2017] Maria Fox, Derek Long, and Daniele Mag- azzeni. Explainable Planning. In IJCAI XAI Workshop, 2017.","title":"Explainable Planning","authors":"Maria Fox, Derek Long, Daniele Magazzeni","year":"2017","venue":"IJCAI XAI Workshop","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Hart et al., 1968] Peter E Hart, Nils J Nilsson, and Bertram Raphael. A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths. IEEE transactions on Systems Sci- ence and Cybernetics, 4(2):100-107, 1968.","title":"A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths","authors":"Nils J Peter E Hart, Bertram Nilsson, Raphael","year":"1968","venue":"IEEE transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Haslum et al., 2012] Patrik Haslum, John Slaney, Sylvie Thiébaux, et al. Incremental lower bounds for additive cost planning problems. In ICAPS, volume 12, pages 74- 82, 2012.","title":"Incremental lower bounds for additive cost planning problems","authors":"Haslum","year":"2012","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[International Planning Competition, 2011] International Planning Competition. IPC Competition Domains. https://goo.gl/i35bxc, 2011.","title":"International Planning Competition. IPC Competition Domains","authors":null,"year":"2011","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":"https://goo.gl/i35bxc,2011","internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Kambhampati, 1990] Subbarao Kambhampati. A classifica- tion of plan modification strategies based on coverage and information requirements. In AAAI 1990 Spring Sympo- sium on Case Based Reasoning. Citeseer, 1990.","title":"A classification of plan modification strategies based on coverage and information requirements","authors":"Subbarao Kambhampati","year":"1990","venue":"AAAI 1990 Spring Symposium on Case Based Reasoning","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Keyder et al., 2012] Emil Ragip Keyder, Jörg Hoffmann, Patrik Haslum, et al. Semi-relaxed plan heuristics. In ICAPS, 2012.","title":"Semi-relaxed plan heuristics","authors":"Keyder","year":"2012","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Langley et al., 2017] Pat Langley, Ben Meadows, Mohan Sridharan, and Dongkyu Choi. Explainable Agency for Intelligent Autonomous Systems. In AAAI/IAAI, 2017.","title":"Explainable Agency for Intelligent Autonomous Systems","authors":"Pat Langley, Ben Meadows, Mohan Sridharan, Dongkyu Choi","year":"2017","venue":"AAAI/IAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Lombrozo, 2006] Tania Lombrozo. The structure and func- tion of explanations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(10):464 -470, 2006.","title":"The structure and function of explanations","authors":"Tania Lombrozo","year":"2006","venue":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Lombrozo, 2012] Tania Lombrozo. Explanation and abduc- tive inference. Oxford handbook of thinking and reason- ing, pages 260-276, 2012.","title":"Explanation and abductive inference","authors":"Tania Lombrozo","year":"2012","venue":"Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Marthi et al., 2007] Bhaskara Marthi, Stuart J Russell, and Jason Andrew Wolfe. Angelic semantics for high-level ac- tions. In ICAPS, pages 232-239, 2007.","title":"Angelic semantics for high-level actions","authors":"Bhaskara Marthi, Stuart J Russell, Jason Andrew Wolfe","year":"2007","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Meadows et al., 2013] Ben Leon Meadows, Pat Langley, and Miranda Jane Emery. Seeing beyond shadows: In- cremental abductive reasoning for plan understanding. In AAAI Workshop: Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition, volume 13, page 13, 2013.","title":"Seeing beyond shadows: Incremental abductive reasoning for plan understanding","authors":"Leon Ben, Pat Meadows, Miranda Jane Langley, Emery","year":"2013","venue":"AAAI Workshop: Plan, Activity, and Intent Recognition","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Miller, 2017] Tim Miller. Explanation in artificial in- telligence: Insights from the social sciences. CoRR, abs/1706.07269, 2017.","title":"Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences","authors":"Tim Miller, Miller","year":"2017","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Sacerdoti, 1974] Earl D Sacerdoti. Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces. Artificial intelligence, 5(2):115- 135, 1974.","title":"Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces","authors":"; Sacerdoti, D Earl, Sacerdoti","year":"1974","venue":"Artificial intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/1973/53"},{"position":21,"raw":"[Seegebarth et al., 2012] Bastian Seegebarth, Felix Müller, Bernd Schattenberg, and Susanne Biundo. Making hybrid plans more clear to human users-a formal approach for generating sound explanations. In Twenty-Second Interna- tional Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling, 2012.","title":"Making hybrid plans more clear to human users-a formal approach for generating sound explanations","authors":"Bastian Seegebarth, Felix Müller, Bernd Schattenberg, Susanne Biundo","year":"2012","venue":"Twenty-Second International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Seipp and Helmert, 2013] Jendrik Seipp and Malte Helmert. Counterexample-guided cartesian abstrac- tion refinement. In ICAPS, 2013.","title":"Jendrik Seipp and Malte Helmert. Counterexample-guided cartesian abstraction refinement","authors":"Helmert Seipp","year":"2013","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Seipp and Helmert, 2014] Jendrik Seipp and Malte Helmert. Diverse and additive cartesian abstraction heuristics. In ICAPS, 2014.","title":"Jendrik Seipp and Malte Helmert. Diverse and additive cartesian abstraction heuristics","authors":"Helmert Seipp","year":"2014","venue":"ICAPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Sohrabi et al., 2011] Shirin Sohrabi, Jorge A Baier, and Sheila A McIlraith. Preferred explanations: Theory and generation via planning. In AAAI, 2011.","title":"Preferred explanations: Theory and generation via planning","authors":"Shirin Sohrabi, Jorge A Baier, Sheila A Mcilraith","year":"2011","venue":"AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":25,"raw":"[Srivastava et al., 2016] Siddharth Srivastava, Stuart J Rus- sell, and Alessandro Pinto. Metaphysics of planning do- main descriptions. In AAAI, pages 1074-1080, 2016.","title":"Metaphysics of planning domain descriptions","authors":"Siddharth Srivastava, Stuart J Russell, Alessandro Pinto","year":"2016","venue":"AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Steinmetz and Hoffmann, 2016] Marcel Steinmetz and Jörg Hoffmann. Towards clause-learning state space search: Learning to recognize dead-ends. In AAAI, pages 760- 768, 2016.","title":"Towards clause-learning state space search: Learning to recognize dead-ends","authors":"Hoffmann Steinmetz, Marcel Steinmetz, Jörg Hoffmann","year":"2016","venue":"AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":27,"raw":"[Young, 2008] Neal E Young. Greedy set-cover algorithms. In Encyclopedia of algorithms, pages 1-99. Springer, 2008.","title":"Greedy set-cover algorithms","authors":"Young Neal","year":"2008","venue":"Encyclopedia of algorithms","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}