{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Assigning Personality/Profile to a Chatting Machine for Coherent Conversation Generation","authors":[{"name":"Qiao Qian","slug":"qiao-qian","given":"Qiao","family":"Qian","affiliation":"Conversational AI Group, AI Lab. , Dept. of Computer Science , Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology , China"},{"name":"Minlie Huang","slug":"minlie-huang","given":"Minlie","family":"Huang","affiliation":"Conversational AI Group, AI Lab. , Dept. of Computer Science , Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology , China"},{"name":"Haizhou Zhao","slug":"haizhou-zhao","given":"Haizhou","family":"Zhao","affiliation":"Sogou, Inc. , Beijing 100084 , China"},{"name":"Jingfang Xu","slug":"jingfang-xu","given":"Jingfang","family":"Xu","affiliation":"Sogou, Inc. , Beijing 100084 , China"},{"name":"Xiaoyan Zhu","slug":"xiaoyan-zhu","given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhu","affiliation":"Conversational AI Group, AI Lab. , Dept. of Computer Science , Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology , China"}],"abstract":"Endowing a chatbot with personality is challenging but significant to deliver more realistic and natural conversations. In this paper, we address the issue of generating responses that are coherent to a pre-specified personality or profile. We present a method that uses generic conversation data from social media (without speaker identities) to generate profile-coherent responses. The central idea is to detect whether a profile should be used when responding to a user post (by a profile detector), and if necessary, select a key-value pair from the profile to generate a response forward and backward (by a bidirectional decoder) so that a personality-coherent response can be generated. Furthermore, in order to train the bidirectional decoder with generic dialogue data, a position detector is designed to predict a word position from which decoding should start given a profile value. Manual and automatic evaluation shows that our model can deliver more coherent, natural, and diversified responses.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2018/595","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/595","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0595.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/595.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/bibtex/595","volume":{"slug":"2018","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2018","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/","year":2018,"location":"Stockholm","dates":"13-19 July 2018","editors":"Jérôme Lang","isbn":"978-0-9992411-2-7","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2018"},"section":"Natural Language Processing","track":"Main track","number":595,"pages":{"first":4279,"last":4285},"keywords":["Natural Language Processing: Natural Language Generation","Natural Language Processing: Dialogue"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Al-Rfou et al., 2016] Rami Al-Rfou, Marc Pickett, Javier Snaider, Yun-hsuan Sung, Brian Strope, and Ray Kurzweil. Conversational contextual cues: The case of personalization and history for response ranking. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00372, 2016.","title":"Conversational contextual cues: The case of personalization and history for response ranking","authors":"Rami Al-Rfou, Marc Pickett, Javier Snaider, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Brian Strope, Ray Kurzweil","year":"2016","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Chung et al., 2014] Junyoung Chung, Caglar Gulcehre, KyungHyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. Empirical evalua- tion of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence mod- eling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.3555, 2014.","title":"Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling","authors":"Chung","year":"2014","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Gosling et al., 2003] Samuel D Gosling, Peter J Rentfrow, and William B Swann. A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains. Journal of Research in personality, 2003.","title":"A very brief measure of the big-five personality domains","authors":"Peter J Samuel D Gosling, William B Rentfrow, Swann","year":"2003","venue":"Journal of Research in personality","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Gu et al., 2016] Jiatao Gu, Zhengdong Lu, Hang Li, and Victor OK Li. Incorporating copying mechanism in sequence-to-sequence learning. In ACL, 2016.","title":"Incorporating copying mechanism in sequence-to-sequence learning","authors":"Gu","year":"2016","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Gulcehre et al., 2016] Caglar Gulcehre, Sungjin Ahn, Ramesh Nallapati, Bowen Zhou, and Yoshua Bengio. Pointing the unknown words. In ACL, 2016.","title":"Pointing the unknown words","authors":"Caglar Gulcehre, Sungjin Ahn, Ramesh Nallapati, Bowen Zhou, Yoshua Bengio","year":"2016","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Güzeldere and Franchi, 1995] Güven Güzeldere and Ste- fano Franchi. Dialogues with colorful \"personalities\" of early ai. Stanford Humanities Review, 4(2):161-169, 1995.","title":"Güven Güzeldere and Stefano Franchi. Dialogues with colorful \"personalities\" of early ai","authors":"Franchi Güzeldere","year":"1995","venue":"Stanford Humanities Review","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Jiwei Li, 2016] Chris Brockett Jianfeng Gao Bill Dolan Ji- wei Li, Michel Galley. A diversity-promoting objective function for neural conversation models. In NAACL, 2016.","title":"A diversity-promoting objective function for neural conversation models","authors":"Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, Bill Dolan, Jiwei Li, Michel Galley","year":"2016","venue":"NAACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Kottur et al., 2017] Satwik Kottur, Xiaoyu Wang, and Vi- tor R Carvalho. Exploring personalized neural conversa- tional models. In Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 3728- 3734. AAAI Press, 2017.","title":"Exploring personalized neural conversational models","authors":"Kottur","year":"2017","venue":"Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2017/521"},{"position":9,"raw":"[Li et al., 2016] Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, and Bill Dolan. A persona-based neural conversation model. In ACL, 2016.","title":"A persona-based neural conversation model","authors":"Jiwei Li, Michel Galley, Chris Brockett, Jianfeng Gao, Bill Dolan","year":"2016","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Mairesse and Walker, 2006] Franc ¸ois Mairesse and Marilyn Walker. Automatic recognition of personality in conversa- tion. In NAACL, 2006.","title":"Franc ¸ois Mairesse and Marilyn Walker. Automatic recognition of personality in conversation","authors":"Walker Mairesse","year":"2006","venue":"NAACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Mairesse and Walker, 2007] Franc ¸ois Mairesse and Marilyn Walker. Personage: Personality generation for dialogue. In ACL, 2007. [","title":"Personage: Personality generation for dialogue","authors":"Walker ; Franc Mairesse, Marilyn ¸ois Mairesse, Walker","year":"2007","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Mairesse et al., 2007] Franc ¸ois Mairesse, Marilyn A Walker, Matthias R Mehl, and Roger K Moore. Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text. JMLR, 2007.","title":"Using linguistic cues for the automatic recognition of personality in conversation and text","authors":"Mairesse","year":"2007","venue":"JMLR","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Mou et al., 2016] Lili Mou, Yiping Song, Rui Yan, Ge Li, Lu Zhang, and Zhi Jin. Sequence to backward and forward sequences: A content-introducing approach to generative short-text conversation. In ACL, 2016.","title":"Sequence to backward and forward sequences: A content-introducing approach to generative short-text conversation","authors":"Lili Mou, Yiping Song, Rui Yan, Ge Li, Lu Zhang, Zhi Jin","year":"2016","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Norman, 1963] Warren T Norman. Toward an adequate tax- onomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor struc- ture in peer nomination personality ratings. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963.","title":"Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings","authors":"Warren T Norman","year":"1963","venue":"The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Ritter et al., 2011] Alan Ritter, Colin Cherry, and William B Dolan. Data-driven response generation in social media. In EMNLP, 2011.","title":"Data-driven response generation in social media","authors":"Alan Ritter, Colin Cherry, William B Dolan","year":"2011","venue":"EMNLP","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Serban et al., 2016] Iulian V Serban, Alessandro Sordoni, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, and Joelle Pineau. Building end-to-end dialogue systems using generative hi- erarchical neural network models. In AAAI, 2016.","title":"Building end-to-end dialogue systems using generative hierarchical neural network models","authors":"Alessandro Iulian V Serban, Yoshua Sordoni, Aaron Bengio, Joelle Courville, Pineau","year":"2016","venue":"AAAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Shang et al., 2015] Lifeng Shang, Zhengdong Lu, and Hang Li. Neural responding machine for short-text conversation. In ACL, 2015.","title":"Neural responding machine for short-text conversation","authors":"Lifeng Shang, Zhengdong Lu, Hang Li","year":"2015","venue":"ACL","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Shum et al., 2018] Heung-Yeung Shum, Xiaodong He, and Di Li. From eliza to xiaoice: Challenges and opportunities with social chatbots. arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.01957, 2018.","title":"From eliza to xiaoice: Challenges and opportunities with social chatbots","authors":"Heung-Yeung Shum, Xiaodong He, Di Li","year":"2018","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Sutskever et al., 2014] Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V Le. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In NIPS, 2014.","title":"Quoc V Le. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks","authors":"Sutskever","year":"2014","venue":"NIPS","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Turing, 1950] Alan M Turing. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 1950.","title":"Computing machinery and intelligence","authors":"Alan M Turing","year":"1950","venue":"Mind","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Vinyals and Le, 2015] Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. A neural conversational model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05869, 2015.","title":"Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. A neural conversational model","authors":"Le Vinyals","year":"2015","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Walker et al., 1997] Marilyn A. Walker, Janet E. Cahn, and Stephen J. Whittaker. Improving linguistic style: social and affective bases for agent personality. In In: Mller, J. (Ed.), Proceedings of Autonomous Agents, 1997.","title":"Improving linguistic style: social and affective bases for agent personality","authors":"Marilyn A Walker, Janet E Cahn, Stephen J Whittaker","year":"1997","venue":"Proceedings of Autonomous Agents","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Walker et al., 2012] Marilyn A Walker, Grace I Lin, and Jennifer Sawyer. An annotated corpus of film dialogue for learning and characterizing character style. In LREC, 2012.","title":"An annotated corpus of film dialogue for learning and characterizing character style","authors":"Marilyn A Walker, Grace I Lin, Jennifer Sawyer","year":"2012","venue":"LREC","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":24,"raw":"[Yin et al., 2015] Jun Yin, Xin Jiang, Zhengdong Lu, Lifeng Shang, Hang Li, and Xiaoming Li. Neural generative question answering. In IJCAI, 2015.","title":"Neural generative question answering","authors":"Jun Yin, Xin Jiang, Zhengdong Lu, Lifeng Shang, Hang Li, Xiaoming Li","year":"2015","venue":"IJCAI","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/2016/422"},{"position":25,"raw":"[Young et al., 2013] Steve Young, Milica Gašić, Blaise Thomson, and Jason D Williams. Pomdp-based statisti- cal spoken dialog systems: A review. IEEE, 2013.","title":"Pomdp-based statistical spoken dialog systems: A review","authors":"Steve Young, Milica Gašić, Blaise Thomson, Jason D Williams","year":"2013","venue":"IEEE","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":26,"raw":"[Yu et al., 2016] Zhou Yu, Ziyu Xu, Alan W Black, and Alex I Rudnicky. Strategy and policy learning for non- task-oriented conversational systems. In 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, 2016.","title":"Strategy and policy learning for nontask-oriented conversational systems","authors":"Zhou Yu, Ziyu Xu, Alan W Black, Alex I Rudnicky","year":"2016","venue":"17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}