{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Empirical Analysis of Foundational Distinctions in Linked Open Data","authors":[{"name":"Luigi Asprino","slug":"luigi-asprino","given":"Luigi","family":"Asprino","affiliation":"STLab , ISTC-CNR , Rome , Italy; University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy"},{"name":"Valerio Basile","slug":"valerio-basile","given":"Valerio","family":"Basile","affiliation":"University of Turin , Turin , Italy"},{"name":"Paolo Ciancarini","slug":"paolo-ciancarini","given":"Paolo","family":"Ciancarini","affiliation":"University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy"},{"name":"Valentina Presutti","slug":"valentina-presutti","given":"Valentina","family":"Presutti","affiliation":"STLab , ISTC-CNR , Rome , Italy"}],"abstract":"The Web and its Semantic extension (i.e. Linked Open Data) contain open global-scale knowledge and make it available to potentially intelligent machines that want to benefit from it. Nevertheless, most of Linked Open Data lack ontological distinctions and have sparse axiomatisation. For example, distinctions such as whether an entity is inherently a class or an individual, or whether it is a physical object or not, are hardly expressed in the data, although they have been largely studied and formalised by foundational ontologies (e.g. DOLCE, SUMO). These distinctions belong to common sense too, which is relevant for many artificial intelligence tasks such as natural language understanding, scene recognition, and the like. There is a gap between foundational ontologies, that often formalise or are inspired by pre-existing philosophical theories and are developed with a top-down approach, and Linked Open Data that mostly derive from existing databases or crowd-based effort (e.g. DBpedia, Wikidata). We investigate whether machines can learn foundational distinctions over Linked Open Data entities, and if they match common sense. We want to answer questions such as “does the DBpedia entity for dog refer to a class or to an instance?”. We report on a set of experiments based on machine learning and crowdsourcing that show promising results.","doi":"10.24963/ijcai.2018/551","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/551","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/0551.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/551.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/bibtex/551","volume":{"slug":"2018","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2018","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2018/","year":2018,"location":"Stockholm","dates":"13-19 July 2018","editors":"Jérôme Lang","isbn":"978-0-9992411-2-7","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization","doi_prefix":"10.24963/ijcai.2018"},"section":"Natural Language Processing","track":"Main track","number":551,"pages":{"first":3962,"last":3969},"keywords":["Natural Language Processing: Knowledge Extraction","Multidisciplinary Topics and Applications: AI and the Web","Machine Learning Applications: Applications of Supervised Learning"],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Aroyo and Welty, 2015] Lora Aroyo and Chris Welty. Truth is a lie: Crowd truth and the seven myths of human anno- tation. AI Magazine, 36(1):15-24, 2015.","title":"Truth is a lie: Crowd truth and the seven myths of human annotation","authors":"Lora Aroyo, Chris Welty","year":"2015","venue":"AI Magazine","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"[Beek et al., 2016] Wouter Beek, Laurens Rietveld, Stefan Schlobach, and Frank van Harmelen. LOD laundromat: Why the semantic web needs centralization (even if we don't like it). IEEE Internet Computing, 20(2):78-81, 2016.","title":"LOD laundromat: Why the semantic web needs centralization (even if we don't like it)","authors":"Beek","year":"2016","venue":"IEEE Internet Computing","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":3,"raw":"[Bizer et al., 2009] Christian Bizer, Jens Lehmann, Georgi Kobilarov, Sören Auer, Christian Becker, Richard Cyga- niak, and Sebastian Hellmann. DBpedia -A crystallization point for the Web of Data. International Journal of Web Semantics, 7(3):154-165, 2009.","title":"DBpedia -A crystallization point for the Web of Data","authors":"Bizer","year":"2009","venue":"International Journal of Web Semantics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":4,"raw":"[Camacho-Collados et al., 2016] José Camacho-Collados, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, and Roberto Navigli. Nasari: Integrating explicit knowledge and corpus statistics for a multilingual representation of concepts and entities. Artificial Intelligence, 240:36 -64, 2016.","title":"José Camacho-Collados, Mohammad Taher Pilehvar, and Roberto Navigli. Nasari: Integrating explicit knowledge and corpus statistics for a multilingual representation of concepts and entities","authors":"Camacho-Collados","year":"2016","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"[Davis and Marcus, 2015] Ernest Davis and Gary Marcus. Commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge in artificial intelligence. Communications of the ACM, 58(9):92-103, 2015.","title":"Commonsense reasoning and commonsense knowledge in artificial intelligence","authors":"Marcus ; Davis, Ernest Davis, Gary Marcus","year":"2015","venue":"Communications of the ACM","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"[Fellbaum, 1998] Christiane Fellbaum. WordNet: an elec- tronic lexical database. MIT Press, 1998.","title":"WordNet: an electronic lexical database","authors":"Christiane Fellbaum","year":"1998","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":7,"raw":"[Fillmore, 1982] Charles J. Fillmore. Frame semantics. In Linguistics in the Morning Calm, pages 111-137. 1982.","title":"Frame semantics","authors":"Charles J Fillmore","year":"1982","venue":"Linguistics in the Morning Calm","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"[Gangemi and Presutti, 2010] Aldo Gangemi and Valentina Presutti. A pattern science for the semantic web. Semantic Web, 1(1-2):61-68, 2010.","title":"A pattern science for the semantic web","authors":"Presutti Gangemi, Aldo Gangemi, Valentina Presutti","year":"2010","venue":"Semantic Web","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"[Gangemi et al., 2003] Aldo Gangemi, Roberto Navigli, and Paola Velardi. The OntoWordNet Project: Extension and Axiomatization of Conceptual Relations in WordNet. In Proceedings of COOPIS, DOA and ODBASE Confeder- ated International Conferences, pages 3-7, 2003.","title":"The OntoWordNet Project: Extension and Axiomatization of Conceptual Relations in WordNet","authors":"Gangemi","year":"2003","venue":"Proceedings of COOPIS, DOA and ODBASE Confederated International Conferences","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"[Gangemi et al., 2012] Aldo Gangemi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Francesco Draicchio, Al- berto Musetti, and Paolo Ciancarini. Automatic typing of dbpedia entities. In Proceedings of the International Se- mantic Web Conference, Part I, pages 65-81, 2012.","title":"Automatic typing of dbpedia entities","authors":"Aldo Gangemi, Andrea Giovanni Nuzzolese, Valentina Presutti, Francesco Draicchio, Alberto Musetti, Paolo Ciancarini","year":"2012","venue":"Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, Part I","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"[Gangemi et al., 2016] Aldo Gangemi, Mehwish Alam, Luigi Asprino, Valentina Presutti, and Diego Reforgiato Recupero. Framester: A wide coverage linguistic linked data hub. In Proceedings of Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, pages 239-254, 2016.","title":"Framester: A wide coverage linguistic linked data hub","authors":"Aldo Gangemi, Mehwish Alam, Luigi Asprino, Valentina Presutti, Diego Reforgiato Recupero","year":"2016","venue":"Proceedings of Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"[Hayes, 1989] Patrick Hayes. The second naive physics manifesto. In Readings in qualitative reasoning about physical systems, pages 567-585. 1989.","title":"The second naive physics manifesto","authors":"Patrick Hayes","year":"1989","venue":"Readings in qualitative reasoning about physical systems","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"[Lakoff, 1987] George Lakoff. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1987.","title":"Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind","authors":"George Lakoff","year":"1987","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"[Lenat, 1995] Douglas B. Lenat. CYC: A large-scale invest- ment in knowledge infrastructure. Communications of the ACM, 38(11):32-38, 1995.","title":"CYC: A large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure","authors":"B Douglas, Lenat","year":"1995","venue":"Communications of the ACM","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"[Liu and Singh, 2004] Hugo Liu and Push Singh. Concept- Net -a practical commonsense reasoning tool-kit. BT Technology Journal, 22(4):211-226, 2004.","title":"Hugo Liu and Push Singh. Concept-Net -a practical commonsense reasoning tool-kit","authors":"Singh Liu","year":"2004","venue":"BT Technology Journal","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"[Masolo et al., 2003] Claudio Masolo, Stefano Borgo, Aldo Gangemi, Nicola Guarino, and Alessandro Oltramari. WonderWeb Deliverable D18 -Ontology Library (Final Version), 2003.","title":"WonderWeb Deliverable D18 -Ontology Library","authors":"Claudio Masolo, Stefano Borgo, Aldo Gangemi, Nicola Guarino, Alessandro Oltramari","year":"2003","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":17,"raw":"[Miller and Hristea, 2006] George A. Miller and Florentina Hristea. Wordnet nouns: Classes and instances. Computa- tional Linguistics, 32(1):1-3, 2006.","title":"Wordnet nouns: Classes and instances","authors":"George A Miller, Florentina Hristea","year":"2006","venue":"Computational Linguistics","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":18,"raw":"[Navigli and Ponzetto, 2012] Roberto Navigli and Si- mone Paolo Ponzetto. BabelNet: The Automatic Construction, Evaluation and Application of a Wide- Coverage Multilingual Semantic Network. Artificial Intelligence, 193:217-250, 2012.","title":"BabelNet: The Automatic Construction, Evaluation and Application of a Wide-Coverage Multilingual Semantic Network","authors":"Roberto Navigli, Simone Paolo, Ponzetto","year":"2012","venue":"Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":19,"raw":"[Paulheim and Gangemi, 2015] Heiko Paulheim and Aldo Gangemi. Serving dbpedia with DOLCE -more than just adding a cherry on top. In Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, Part I, pages 180-196, 2015.","title":"Serving dbpedia with DOLCE -more than just adding a cherry on top","authors":"Gangemi Paulheim, Heiko Paulheim, Aldo Gangemi","year":"2015","venue":"Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference, Part I","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":20,"raw":"[Pease and Niles, 2002] Adam Pease and Ian Niles. IEEE standard upper ontology: a progress report. The Knowl- edge Engineering Review, 17(1):65-70, 2002.","title":"IEEE standard upper ontology: a progress report","authors":"Niles ; Pease, Adam Pease, Ian Niles","year":"2002","venue":"The Knowledge Engineering Review","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":21,"raw":"[Pustejovsky, 1998] James Pustejovsky. The Generative Lex- icon. MIT Press, 1998.","title":"The Generative Lexicon","authors":"James Pustejovsky","year":"1998","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":22,"raw":"[Russell and Norvig, 2009] Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice Hall Press, 3rd edition, 2009.","title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","authors":"Stuart Russell, Peter Norvig","year":"2009","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":23,"raw":"[Suchanek et al., 2007] Fabian M. Suchanek, Gjergji Kas- neci, and Gerhard Weikum. Yago: A Core of Semantic Knowledge. In Proceedings of the 16th International Con- ference on World Wide Web, pages 697-706, 2007.","title":"Yago: A Core of Semantic Knowledge","authors":"Fabian M Suchanek, Gjergji Kasneci, Gerhard Weikum","year":"2007","venue":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on World Wide Web","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}