---
title: "A Hierarchical Architecture for Adaptive Brain-Computer Interfacing"
authors:
  - "Mike Chung"
  - "Willy Cheung"
  - "Reinhold Scherer"
  - "Rajesh P. N. Rao"
doi: "10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-277"
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/277"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/0277.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 2011
pages: "1647-1651"
track: ""
keywords:
---

# A Hierarchical Architecture for Adaptive Brain-Computer Interfacing

Mike Chung, Willy Cheung, Reinhold Scherer, Rajesh P. N. Rao

*Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pages 1647-1651. DOI: [10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-277](https://doi.org/10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-277)

## Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow a user to directly control devices such as cursors and robots using brain signals. Non-invasive BCIs, e.g., those based on electroencephalographic (EEG) signals recorded from the scalp, suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio which limits the bandwidth of control. Invasive BCIs allow fine-grained control but can leave users exhausted since control is typically exerted on a moment-by-moment basis. In this paper, we address these problems by proposing a new adaptive hierarchical architecture for brain-computer interfacing. The approach allows a user to teach the BCI new skills on-the-fly; these learned skills are later invoked directly as high-level commands, relieving the user of tedious low-level control. We report results from four subjects who used a hierarchical EEG-based BCI to successfully train and control a humanoid robot in a virtual home environment. Gaussian processes were used for learning high-level commands, allowing a BCI to switch between autonomous and user-guided modes based on the current estimate of uncertainty. We also report the first instance of multi-tasking in a BCI, involving simultaneous control of two different devices by a single user. Our results suggest that hierarchical BCIs can provide a flexible and robust way of controlling complex robotic devices in real-world environments.