{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Flexible, High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification","authors":[{"name":"Dan Claudiu Ciresan","slug":"dan-claudiu-ciresan","given":"Dan Claudiu","family":"Ciresan","affiliation":""},{"name":"Ueli Meier","slug":"ueli-meier","given":"Ueli","family":"Meier","affiliation":""},{"name":"Jonathan Masci","slug":"jonathan-masci","given":"Jonathan","family":"Masci","affiliation":""},{"name":"Luca Maria Gambardella","slug":"luca-maria-gambardella","given":"Luca Maria","family":"Gambardella","affiliation":""},{"name":"Jürgen Schmidhuber","slug":"jurgen-schmidhuber","given":"Jürgen","family":"Schmidhuber","affiliation":""}],"abstract":"We present a fast, fully parameterizable GPU implementation of Convolutional Neural Network variants. Our feature extractors are neither carefully designed nor pre-wired, but rather learned in a supervised way. Our deep hierarchical architectures achieve the best published results on benchmarks for object classification (NORB, CIFAR10) and handwritten digit recognition (MNIST), with error rates of 2.53%, 19.51%, 0.35%, respectively. Deep nets trained by simple back-propagation perform better than more shallow ones. Learning is surprisingly rapid. NORB is completely trained within five epochs. Test error rates on MNIST drop to 2.42%, 0.97% and 0.48% after 1, 3 and 17 epochs, respectively.","doi":"10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-210","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/210","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/0210.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/210.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/bibtex/210","volume":{"slug":"2011","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2011","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2011/","year":2011,"location":"Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain","dates":"16–22 July 2011","editors":"Toby Walsh","isbn":"978-1-57735-512-0; 978-1-57735-513-7; 978-1-57735-514-4; 978-1-57735-515-1; 978-1-57735-516-8","publisher":"AAAI Press/International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":null,"track":"","number":210,"pages":{"first":1237,"last":1241},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}