{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Word Sense Disambiguation for All Words without Hard Labor","authors":[{"name":"Zhi Zhong","slug":"zhi-zhong","given":"Zhi","family":"Zhong","affiliation":""},{"name":"Hwee Tou Ng","slug":"hwee-tou-ng","given":"Hwee Tou","family":"Ng","affiliation":""}],"abstract":"While the most accurate word sense disambiguation systems are built using supervised learning from sense-tagged data, scaling them up to all words of a language has proved elusive, since preparing a sense-tagged corpus for all words of a language is time-consuming and human labor intensive. In this paper, we propose and implement a completely automatic approach to scale up word sense disambiguation to all words of English. Our approach relies on English-Chinese parallel corpora, English-Chinese bilingual dictionaries, and automatic methods of finding synonyms of Chinese words. No additional human sense annotations or word translations are needed. We conducted a large-scale empirical evaluation on more than 29,000 noun tokens in English texts annotated in OntoNotes 2.0, based on its coarse-grained sense inventory. The evaluation results show that our approach is able to achieve high accuracy, outperforming the first-sense baseline and coming close to a prior reported approach that requires manual human efforts to provide Chinese translations of English senses.Zhi Zhong, Hwee Tou Ng","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2009/270","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2009/0270.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2009/270.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2009/bibtex/270","volume":{"slug":"2009","title":"Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2009","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2009/","year":2009,"location":"Pasadena, California, USA","dates":"","editors":"Hiroaki Kitano","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":null,"track":"","number":270,"pages":{"first":1616,"last":1621},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}