{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Automatic Decision of Piano Fingering Based on a Hidden Markov Models","authors":[{"name":"Yuichiro Yonebayashi","slug":"yuichiro-yonebayashi","given":"Yuichiro","family":"Yonebayashi","affiliation":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo"},{"name":"Hirokazu Kameoka","slug":"hirokazu-kameoka","given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kameoka","affiliation":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo"},{"name":"Shigeki Sagayama","slug":"shigeki-sagayama","given":"Shigeki","family":"Sagayama","affiliation":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology The University of Tokyo"}],"abstract":"This paper proposes a Hidden Markov Model (HMM)-based algorithm for automatic decision of piano fingering. We represent the positions and forms of hands and fingers as HMM states and model the resulted sequence of performed notes as emissions associated with HMM transitions. Optimal fingering decision is thus formulated as Viterbi search to find the most likely sequence of state transitions. The proposed algorithm models the required efforts in pressing a key with a finger followed by another key with another finger, and in two-dimensional positioning of fingers on the piano keyboard with diatonic and chromatic keys. Fundamental functionality of the algorithm was verified through experiments with real piano pieces. This framework can be extended to polyphonic music containing chords.","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/469","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/0469.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/469.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/bibtex/469","volume":{"slug":"2007","title":"Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 2007","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/","year":2007,"location":"Hyderabad, India","dates":"","editors":"Ramon López de Mántaras","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":null,"track":"","number":469,"pages":{"first":2915,"last":2920},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Bamberger, 1976] Jeanne Bamberger. The musical signifi- cance of beethoven's fingerings in the piano sonatas. In Music Forum, volume 4, pages 237-280, 1976. 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