---
title: "Planning under Risk and Knightian Uncertainty"
authors:
  - "Felipe W. Trevizan"
  - "Fábio Gagliardi Cozman"
  - "Leliane Nunes de Barros"
doi: ""
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/326"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/2007/0326.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 2007
pages: "2023-2027"
track: ""
keywords:
---

# Planning under Risk and Knightian Uncertainty

Felipe W. Trevizan, Fábio Gagliardi Cozman, Leliane Nunes de Barros

*Proceedings of the Twentieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pages 2023-2027.

## Abstract

Two noteworthy models of planning in AI are probabilistic planning (based on MDPs and its generalizations) and nondeterministic planning (mainly based on model checking). In this paper we: (1) show that probabilistic and nondeterministic planning are extremes of a rich continuum of problems that deal simultaneously with risk and (Knightian) uncertainty; (2) obtain a unifying model for these problems using imprecise MDPs; (3) derive a simplified Bellman's principle of optimality for our model; and (4) show how to adapt and analyze state-of-art algorithms such as (L)RTDP and LDFS in this unifying setup. We discuss examples and connections to various proposals for planning under (general) uncertainty.