---
title: "GIB: Steps Toward an Expert-Level Bridge-Playing Program"
authors:
  - "Matthew L. Ginsberg"
doi: ""
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/84"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/0084.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 1999
pages: "584-592"
track: "Computer Game Playing"
keywords:
---

# GIB: Steps Toward an Expert-Level Bridge-Playing Program

Matthew L. Ginsberg

*Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*, pages 584-592.

## Abstract

This paper describes GIB, the first bridgeplaying program to approach the level of a human expert. (G IB finished twelfth in a handpicked field of thirty-four experts at an invitational event at the 1998 World Bridge Championships.) We give a basic overview of the algorithms used , describe their strengths and weaknesses, and present the results of experiments comparing GIB to both human opponents and other programs.