{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Processing Symbols at Variable Speed in DUAL: Connectionist Activation as Power Supply","authors":[{"name":"Alexander A. Petrov","slug":"alexander-a-petrov","given":"Alexander A.","family":"Petrov","affiliation":"Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science; Department of Information Research; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology Institute of Mathematics New Bulgarian University Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 21 Montevideo Str. ; Sofia 1635 , BULGARIA"},{"name":"Boicho N. Kokinov","slug":"boicho-n-kokinov","given":"Boicho N.","family":"Kokinov","affiliation":"Central and East European Center for Cognitive Science; Department of Information Research; Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology Institute of Mathematics New Bulgarian University Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 21 Montevideo Str. ; Sofia 1635 , BULGARIA; Acad G.Bonchev , bl 8 ; Sofia 1113 , BULGARIA"}],"abstract":"This article explores the advantages and one potential implementation of a new style of computation in which multiple lines of symbolic processing are pursued at different speeds within a hybrid multi-agent system. The cognitive architecture DUAL consists of small hybrid computational entities called DUAL agents. Each agent has a symbolic processor capable of simple symbol manipulations. There is also an activation level associated with each agent. Activation spreads according to connectionist rules. The speed of each symbolic processor is proportional to the activation level of the corresponding DUAL agent and varies dynamically. Thus multiple candidate-solutions to a given problem can be explored in parallel. More computational resources are dedicated to the more promising candidates and the degree of 'promise' is reevaluated dynamically. This allows for flexible and efficient behavior of the system as a whole. The exact relationship between symbolic speed and connectionist activation is based on an energetic analogy . The symbolic processor is conceptualized as a machine converting connectionist activation into symbolic work. A language for implementing variable-speed symbol manipulations using delayed evaluation is introduced : S-LJSP. A small example from a DUAL-based cognitive model illustrates variablespeed marker passing in a semantic network.","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/121","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/0121.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/121.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/bibtex/121","volume":{"slug":"1999","title":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 1999","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1999/","year":1999,"location":"Stockholm, Sweden","dates":"","editors":"Thomas Dean","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":"Machine Learning","track":"Machine Learning","number":121,"pages":{"first":846,"last":850},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Anderson, 1983] John R. Anderson. The Architecture of Cognition. 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