{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"Gene Duplication to Enable Genetic Programming to Concurrently Evolve Both the Architecture and Work-Performing Steps of a Computer Program","authors":[{"name":"John R. Koza","slug":"john-r-koza","given":"John R.","family":"Koza","affiliation":"Stanford University Computer Science Department Stanford , California 94305 U.S. A."}],"abstract":"Susumu Ohno's provocative book Evolution by Gene Duplication proposed that the creation of new proteins in nature (and hence new structures and new behaviors in living things) begins with a gene duplication and that gene duplication is \"the major force of evolution.\" This paper describes six new architecture-altering operations for genetic programming that are patterned after the naturally-occurring chromosomal operations of gene duplication and gene deletion . When these new operations are included in a run of genetic programming, genetic programming can dynamically change, during the run, the architecture of a multi-part program consisting of a main program and a set of hierarchically-called subprograms. These on-the-fly architectural changes occur while genetic programming is concurrently evolving the work-performing steps of the main program and the hierarchically-called subprograms. The new operations can be interpreted as an automated way to change the representation of a problem while solving the problem. Equivalently, these operations can be viewed as an automated way to decompose a problem into an non-pre-specified number of subproblems of non-pre-specified dimensionality; solve the subproblems; and assemble the solutions of the subproblems into a solution of the overall problem. These operations can also be interpreted as providing an automated way to specialize and generalize.","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/96","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/0096.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/96.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/bibtex/96","volume":{"slug":"1995","title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 1995","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/","year":1995,"location":"Montréal, Québec, Canada","dates":"","editors":"Chris S. Mellish","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":"Genetic Algorithms","track":"Genetic Algorithms","number":96,"pages":{"first":734,"last":739},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"Angeline, Peter J. and Pollack, Jordan B. 1994. Coevolving high-level representations. In Langton, Christopher G. (editor). 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