{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"GR2: A Hybrid Knowledge-based System Using General Rules","authors":[{"name":"Zhe Ma","slug":"zhe-ma","given":"Zhe","family":"Ma","affiliation":"The University of Sheffield , Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering , Mappin Street , Sheffield S 1 3JD , UK"},{"name":"Robert F. Harrison","slug":"robert-f-harrison","given":"Robert F.","family":"Harrison","affiliation":"The University of Sheffield , Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering , Mappin Street , Sheffield S 1 3JD , UK"},{"name":"R. Lee Kennedy","slug":"r-lee-kennedy","given":"R. Lee","family":"Kennedy","affiliation":"Department of Medicine , The University of Edinburgh , UK"}],"abstract":"GR2 is a hybrid knowledge-based system consisting of a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and a rule-based system for hybrid knowledge representations and reasoning. Knowledge embedded in the trained MLP is extracted in the form of general (production) rules- a natural format of abstract knowledge representation. The rule extraction method integrates Black-box and Open-box techniques, obtaining feature salient and statistical properties of the training pattern set. The extracted general rules are quantified and selected in a rule validation process. Multiple inference facilities such as categorical reasoning, probabilistic reasoning and exceptional reasoning are performed in GR2.","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/64","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/0064.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/64.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/bibtex/64","volume":{"slug":"1995","title":"Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 1995","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1995/","year":1995,"location":"Montréal, Québec, Canada","dates":"","editors":"Chris S. Mellish","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":"Connectionist Models","track":"Connectionist Models","number":64,"pages":{"first":488,"last":492},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"[Adams et al., 1993a] J. E. Adams, D. R. Abendschein and A. S. Jaffe. 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