{"type":"ScholarlyArticle","title":"How to Discover a Knowledge Representation for Causal Reasoning by Studying an Expert Physician","authors":[{"name":"Benjamin Kuipers","slug":"benjamin-kuipers","given":"Benjamin","family":"Kuipers","affiliation":"Department of Mathematics , Tufts University , Medford , MA 02155 . and"},{"name":"Jerome P. Kassirer","slug":"jerome-p-kassirer","given":"Jerome P.","family":"Kassirer","affiliation":"Department of Mathematics , Tufts University , Medford , MA 02155 . and; Departmen t of Medicine , New England Medical Center , 171 Harrison Avenue , Boston , MA 02111 ."}],"abstract":"The ability to identify and repr ese nt the knowl edge that a human e;<pe rt has about a particular domain is a key method in the creation of expert computer system. The first part of th is paper demonstrates a methodology for collecting and e. nalyLing observations of experts at work, in orcl 8r !o find the concep tu al framework used for the particular domain. The seco nd part develops a representation for qualitative knowledge of the structure. and behavior of a m ec hanism . The qualitative simulation, or envisionment , process is given a qualitative structural description of a m ec hanism and some initialization information, and produces a detailed description of the mechanism 's behavior. This \"vertical\" slice of the constr uction of a cognitive model demonstrates an effective knowledge acquisition method for the purpose of determining th e structure of the representation itself, not simrly the content of the knowledge to be encoded in that repres2ntation . Most importantly, it demonstrates th e interaction amon9 constraints derivGd from the textbook knowledge of the domain, from observations of the human expert, and from the computational requirements of successful performance.","doi":null,"url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1983/13","pdf":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1983/0013.pdf","markdown":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1983/13.md","bibtex":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1983/bibtex/13","volume":{"slug":"1983","title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","short_title":"IJCAI 1983","url":"https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1983/","year":1983,"location":"Karlsruhe, West Germany","dates":"","editors":"Alan Bundy","isbn":"","publisher":"International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence","doi_prefix":""},"section":"Cognitive Modelling","track":"Cognitive Modelling","number":13,"pages":{"first":49,"last":55},"keywords":[],"videos":[],"references":[{"position":1,"raw":"M. T. H. Chi , P. J. Feltovich, and R. Glaser. 1982. Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices. Cog nitive Sc ien ce 5: 121 • 152.","title":"Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices","authors":"M T H Chi, P J Feltovich, R Glaser","year":"1982","venue":"Cog nitive Sc ien ce","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":2,"raw":"J. de Kleer. 1977. Multiple representations of knowledge in a mechanics problem -solver. Pro ceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intellige nce. Cambridge, Mass.","title":"Multiple representations of knowledge in a mechanics problem -solver","authors":"J De Kleer","year":"1977","venue":"Pro ceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intellige nce","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/1977/67"},{"position":3,"raw":"J. de Kleer. 1979. The origin and resolution of ambiguities in causal arguments. Proceedings of the Sixth Intern ational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Tokyo, Japan.","title":"The origin and resolution of ambiguities in causal arguments","authors":"J De Kleer","year":"1979","venue":"Proceedings of the Sixth Intern ational Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/1979/46"},{"position":4,"raw":"A. S. Elstein , L. S. Shulman , and S. A. Sprafka. 1978. Medical Problem Solving : An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.","title":"Medical Problem Solving : An Analysis of Clinical Reasoning","authors":"A S Elstein, L S Shulman, S A Sprafka","year":"1978","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":5,"raw":"K. A. Ericsson and H. A. Simon. 198D. Verbal reports as data. Psyc hological Review, 87, 215-251 .","title":"D. Verbal reports as data","authors":"K A Ericsson, H A Simon","year":null,"venue":"Psyc hological Review","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":6,"raw":"K. D. Forbus. 1981. Qualitative reasoning about physical processes. Proceeding s of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intellig ence , Vancouver, BC .","title":"Qualitative reasoning about physical processes","authors":"K D Forbus","year":"1981","venue":"Proceeding s of the Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intellig ence","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":"/proceedings/1981/64"},{"position":7,"raw":"K. D. Forbus. 1982. Qu alitative Process Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo 664.","title":"Qu alitative Process Theory","authors":"K D Forbus","year":"1982","venue":"MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":8,"raw":"J. P. Kassirer, B. J . Kuipers and G. A. Garry, Toward a theory of clinical expertise. The American Journal of Medicine 73: 251-259, 1982.","title":"Toward a theory of clinical expertise","authors":"J P Kassirer, B J Kuipers, G A Garry","year":"1982","venue":"The American Journal of Medicine","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":9,"raw":"B. J. Kuipers. 1982. Getting the envisionment right. In Proceedings of the National Confe rence on Artificial Intelligence (AA AI-82 ). Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, August 1982.","title":"Getting the envisionment right","authors":"B J Kuipers","year":"1982","venue":"Proceedings of the National Confe rence on Artificial Intelligence (AA AI-82 )","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":10,"raw":"B. J. Kuipers. 1982. Commonsense causality: Deriving beh avior from structure. Working Papers in Cognitive Science, No. 18. reasoning about Tufts University","title":"Commonsense causality: Deriving beh avior from structure","authors":"B J Kuipers","year":"1982","venue":"Working Papers in Cognitive Science","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":11,"raw":"J . Larkin , J. McDermott, D. P. Simon, H. A. Simon . 1980. Expert and novice perform ance in solving physics problems. Science 208: 1335-1342.","title":"Expert and novice perform ance in solving physics problems","authors":"J Larkin, J Mcdermott, D P Simon, H A Simon","year":"1980","venue":"Science","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":12,"raw":"A. Newell and H. A. Simon . 1972. Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .","title":"Human Problem Solving","authors":"A Newell, H A Simon","year":"1972","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":13,"raw":"R. E. Nisbett and T. D. Wilson. 1977. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84 : 231-259.","title":"Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes","authors":"R E Nisbett, T D Wilson","year":"1977","venue":"Psychological Review","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":14,"raw":"R. S. Patil . 1979. Design of a program for expert diagnosis of acid base and electrolyte disturbances. Cambridge, MA: MIT Laboratory for Computer Science TM -132.","title":"Design of a program for expert diagnosis of acid base and electrolyte disturbances","authors":"R S Patil","year":"1979","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":15,"raw":"H. E. Pople, Jr. 1982. Heuristic methods for imposing structure on ill structured problems: The structuring of medical diagnostics. In P. Szolovits (Ed .), Artificial Intelligence in Me dicin e. AAAS/ Westview Press, 1982.","title":"Heuristic methods for imposing structure on ill structured problems: The structuring of medical diagnostics","authors":"H E Pople","year":"1982","venue":"Artificial Intelligence in Me dicin e","doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null},{"position":16,"raw":"G. L. Steele, Jr. 1980. The definition and implementation of a computer programming language based on constraints. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory TR -595.","title":"The definition and implementation of a computer programming language based on constraints","authors":"G L Steele","year":"1980","venue":null,"doi":null,"url":null,"internal_url":null}],"license_note":"Copyright International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence."}