---
title: "Quantification in a Three-Valued Logic for Natural Language Question-Answering Systems"
authors:
  - "Verónica Dahl"
doi: ""
url: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1979/43"
pdf: "https://ijcai.org/proceedings/1979/0043.pdf"
venue: "Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"
year: 1979
pages: ""
track: ""
keywords:
---

# Quantification in a Three-Valued Logic for Natural Language Question-Answering Systems

Verónica Dahl

*Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence*.

## Abstract

This paper examines quantification in relation to a typed three-valued logical system which was developed to serve as the internal query language ~or virtual data bases acceptinp, n&tural languap,e (NL) consultation. Such a system is capable, amonu, other things, of reflectinp certain NL presuppositions, handling relations amonr, sets and copin~ with certain NL ambiguitieb, within a simple though natural and ~airly vast NL subset. In our approach, quantification is dealt with through a sinv,le mechanism by which all NL quantifiers introduce the formula "those(x,p)", denoting the set of all those x's in x's associated domain which satis~y statement p. The meaning of each particular NL quantifier-- including any presuppositions it may induce-- is rendered through particular constraints upon the set (e.g., cardinality constraints).