An AI-empowered Visual Storyline Generator

Liu, Chang; Lim, Zhao Yong; Yu, Han; Shen, Zhiqi; Dixon, Ian; Gao, Zhanning; Wang, Pan; Ren, Peiran; Xie, Xuansong; Cui, Lizhen; Miao, Chunyan

doi:10.24963/ijcai.2020/765

An AI-empowered Visual Storyline Generator

Chang Liu, Zhao Yong Lim, Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Ian Dixon, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, Chunyan Miao

Download BibTeX Cite

Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Demos. Pages 5267-5269.

https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/765

Keywords

Computer Vision: general
Human-Computer Interactive Systems: general

Abstract

Video editing is currently a highly skill- and time-intensive process. One of the most important tasks in video editing is to compose the visual storyline. This paper outlines Visual Storyline Generator (VSG), an artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered system that automatically generates visual storylines based on a set of images and video footages provided by the user. It is designed to produce engaging and persuasive promotional videos with an easy-to-use interface. In addition, users can be involved in refining the AI-generated visual storylines. The editing results can be used as training data to further improve the AI algorithms in VSG.

[Choi et al., 2016] Jinsoo Choi, Tae-Hyun Oh, and In So Kweon. Video-story composition via plot analysis. In CVPR, pages 3122-3130, 2016.
[Kim et al., 2018] Hye-Rin Kim, Yeong-Seok Kim, Seon Joo Kim, and In-Kwon Lee. Building Emotional Machines: Recognizing Image Emotions Through Deep Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 20(11):2980-2992, November 2018.
[Liu et al., 2019] Chang Liu, Yi Dong, Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Changgong Zhang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, and Chunyan Miao. Generat- ing Persuasive Visual Storylines for Promotional Videos. In CIKM, pages 901-910, 2019.
[Liu et al., 2020] Chang Liu, Han Yu, Yi Dong, Zhiqi Shen, Yingxue Yu, Ian Dixon, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Chang- gong Zhang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, and Chunyan Miao. Generating Engaging Promotional Videos for E-commerce Platforms. In AAAI, 2020.
[Sigurdsson et al., 2016] Gunnar A Sigurdsson, Xinlei Chen, and Abhinav Gupta. Learning visual storylines with skipping recurrent neural networks. In ECCV, pages 71-88, 2016.
[Talebi and Milanfar, 2018] Hossein Talebi and Peyman Mi- lanfar. NIMA: Neural image assessment. IEEE Transac- tions on Image Processing, 27(8):3998-4011, 2018.
[Wang et al., 2004] Zhou Wang, Alan C Bovik, Hamid R Sheikh, Eero P Simoncelli, and others. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(4):600-612, 2004.
[Xu et al., 2019] Dejing Xu, Jun Xiao, Zhou Zhao, Jian Shao, Di Xie, and Yueting Zhuang. Self-Supervised Spa- tiotemporal Learning via Video Clip Order Prediction. In CVPR, pages 10334-10343, 2019.
[Yu et al., 2018] Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Chunyan Miao, Cyril Leung, Victor R. Lesser, and Qiang Yang. Building Ethics into Artificial Intelligence. In IJCAI, pages 5527-5533, July 2018. IJCAI
[Zhong et al., 2018] Guangyu Zhong, Yi-Hsuan Tsai, Sifei Liu, Zhixun Su, and Ming-Hsuan Yang. Learning Video- Story Composition via Recurrent Neural Network. In WACV, pages 1727-1735, 2018.

References were extracted automatically from the PDF and may contain errors.

Full text extracted automatically from the PDF; figures, tables and equations may differ. The PDF is the version of record.

1 Introduction

Promotional videos have become increasingly popular in Ecommerce platforms as a means to recommend products to customers. To make an engaging and persuasive video, it is necessary to perform video editing, which includes visual storyline composition (i.e. selecting and sequencing the footage) and post-processing. In traditional film making, the composition of visual storylines is performed by experienced directors. Since this manual process is often costly and timeconsuming, large-scale video-based product promotion campaigns in e-commerce are infeasible.

gorithms for automatically generating visual storylines start to emerge [Sigurdsson et al., 2016; Choi et al., 2016; Zhong et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2020]. However, these algorithms have different criteria for sequencing and selecting visual materials (VMs) (i.e. images and video footage). For instance, [Xu et al., 2019] considers temporal relation and [Choi et al., 2016] takes dynamics into account. To help the user apply these algorithms to generate visual storylines from which they can further refine, we outline Visual Storyline Generator (VSG)

∗Contact Author

†Contact Author

in this paper. It is an easy-to-use system that automatically generates engaging visual storyline by artificial intelligence (AI) techniques using images and video footage as input. It also supports the refinement edits to the generated storylines which can be used to enhance the AI algorithms in the future.

2 The AI Algorithms

VSG supports a number of visual storyline generation algorithms. The WundtBackpack (WBP) [Liu et al., 2019] sequencs images to maximize the perceived persuasiveness. Its Learnable Wundt Curve (LWC) estimates the perceived persuasiveness measured by informativeness, emotion, and aesthetics. They are measured by the dissimilarity between VMs, arousal and aesthetics. LWC is formulated as the difference between two sigmoid functions - reward and punishment:

Formula not decoded

where Rmax, ρR and dR are the maximum value of the reward, the slope of the reward function, and the minimum stimulus to be rewarded, respectively. The punishment P(x) is also similarly defined with R(x) as a sigmoid function. x is the linear combination of dissimilarity, arousal and aesthetic score, which is extracted by corresponding algorithms [Wang et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2018; Talebi and Milanfar, 2018]. The LWC can learn with a small amount of training data. A dynamic programming-based searching is then employed to construct the sequence with the maximum LWC score.

However, the WBP does not guarantee a good viewing experience, which is important for user retention. Thus, the system also includes the Shot Composition, Selection and Plotting (ShotCSP) algorithm [Liu et al., 2020], which provides a principled approach to leverage important film-making principles to produce improved viewing experience while achieving high perceived persuasiveness. It is an algorithmic equivalent of the following three film-making principles: 1) the progression of shot "proximity" from wide shot to close up, 2) logical story sequence and 3) graphic discontinuity. It first composes shots from the input (i.e. the set of VMs), which can be considered as candidate sub-sequences for composing the final sequence. Shots are then selected based on perceived persuasiveness measured by the LWC and semantic distance with the products. Finally the best sequence is generated by considering semantic distance SED, salient region ratio SRR and similarity SIM of selected shots, based on the three film-making principles.

In addition, [Choi et al., 2016] which calculates dissimilarities and plots penalties, encouraging the sequence of video clips to follow the proposed general plot of the stories; and [Zhong et al., 2018] which uses a two-stream RNN with submodular optimization to compose storylines are also incorporated into the VSG system.

An A/B test was performed with 114 users. We collected all the images and videos from the introduction pages of 40 products from Taobao and Tmall, and ask respondents to compare the flow of logic, viewing experience and perceived persuasiveness between the baselines and the ShotCSP. A total of 1,102 responses were collected. Table 1 reports the results of the A/B test. Overall, ShotCSP is perceived to produce significantly better visual storylines than the baselines.

Table 1: Real-world performance evaluation.
Questions	Baslines	ShotCSP Better	ShotCSP Slightly Better	Almost the Same	Baseline Slightly Better	Baseline Better
Has Logic	[Liu et al., 2019]	17.93%	26.90%	25.00%	18.75%	11.41%
	[Zhong et al., 2018]	24.22%	25.78%	28.39%	13.80%	7.81%
	[Choi et al., 2016]	20.54%	21.35%	32.70%	17.84%	7.57%
Viewing Experience	[Liu et al., 2019]	15.49%	29.08%	25.82%	18.75%	10.87%
	[Zhong et al., 2018]	21.09%	28.91%	28.12%	15.36%	6.51%
	[Choi et al., 2016]	17.52%	25.61%	32.35%	17.25%	7.28%
Perceived	[Liu et al., 2019]	14.40%	28.25%	32.96%	16.34%	8.03%
Persua-	[Zhong et al., 2018]	17.46%	29.37%	31.48%	16.14%	5.56%
Persua-	siveness	[Choi et al., 2016]	15.98%	25.62%	34.99%	16.25%	7.16%

3 The VSG System

The system architecture is shown in Figure 1. The dashed arrows denote processes requiring user confirmation. As the system allows users to make the final decision to accept or make revise the generated storylines, the mode of operation of the AI technology is human-in-the-loop [Yu et al., 2018].

The interface design of VSG system (Figure 2) adopts a simple user interaction design to reduce the technical barrier for users. Clicking the "Create Video" button starts the workflow of generating visual storylines:

The images and videos are uploaded to the system database through drag-and-drop operations. The order for selecting or uploading the VMs is not important since the algorithms will perform sequencing automatically.
The users then review the uploaded VMs and provide a name for the generated sequence.
The visual storyline is generated and edited. The user views alternative AI-generated sequences and chooses the favorite one. Based on the selected sequence, the user can perform further adjustment by re-ordering or replacing some of the VMs in the sequence. They can easily remove a VM by dragging it to the "unused VM field" right below the algorithm selection box. They can also re-selected an unused VM by putting it back to the sequence. By clicking the "Finish" button, the visual storyline is finalized and composed into a video.

Figure 1: The system architecture of VSG.

Figure 2: A screenshot of the VSG system.

This system can serve as a crowdsourcing tool for collecting data for visual storyline composition tasks. The revisions are stored as training data for improving AI models, if it is allowed by users. A video of the system is available online 1 .

4 Discussions

The VSG system enables e-commerce shop owners to compose visual storylines without professional video editing skills. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first AIempowered online system that can automatically generate visual storylines. In subsequent work, we will incorporate explainable AI features [Yu et al., 2018] into the system to enhance the users' understanding of the rationale behind the generated visual storylines.

1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEOYFpw7etg

Acknowledgements

This research is supported, in part, by the Nanyang Assistant Professorship (NAP), AISG-GC-2019-003, NRFNRFI05-2019-0002, NTU-SDU-CFAIR (NSC-2019-011), and Alibaba-NTU-AIR2019B1.

Chang Liu, Zhao Yong Lim, Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Ian Dixon, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, and Chunyan Miao. 2020. An AI-empowered Visual Storyline Generator. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-20. IJCAI, 5267–5269. https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/765

@inproceedings{ijcai2020p765,
  title     = {An AI-empowered Visual Storyline Generator},
  author    = {Liu, Chang and Lim, Zhao Yong and Yu, Han and Shen, Zhiqi and Dixon, Ian and Gao, Zhanning and Wang, Pan and Ren, Peiran and Xie, Xuansong and Cui, Lizhen and Miao, Chunyan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on
               Artificial Intelligence, {IJCAI-20}},
  publisher = {International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization},
  editor    = {Christian Bessiere},
  pages     = {5267--5269},
  year      = {2020},
  month     = {7},
  note      = {Demos},
  doi       = {10.24963/ijcai.2020/765},
  url       = {https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/765},
}

TY  - CPAPER
TI  - An AI-empowered Visual Storyline Generator
AU  - Liu, Chang
AU  - Lim, Zhao Yong
AU  - Yu, Han
AU  - Shen, Zhiqi
AU  - Dixon, Ian
AU  - Gao, Zhanning
AU  - Wang, Pan
AU  - Ren, Peiran
AU  - Xie, Xuansong
AU  - Cui, Lizhen
AU  - Miao, Chunyan
T2  - Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI-20
PB  - International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization
PY  - 2020
SP  - 5267
EP  - 5269
DO  - 10.24963/ijcai.2020/765
UR  - https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/765
ER  -

[1] [Choi et al., 2016] Jinsoo Choi, Tae-Hyun Oh, and In So Kweon. Video-story composition via plot analysis. In CVPR, pages 3122-3130, 2016.

[2] [Kim et al., 2018] Hye-Rin Kim, Yeong-Seok Kim, Seon Joo Kim, and In-Kwon Lee. Building Emotional Machines: Recognizing Image Emotions Through Deep Neural Networks. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 20(11):2980-2992, November 2018.

[3] [Liu et al., 2019] Chang Liu, Yi Dong, Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Changgong Zhang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, and Chunyan Miao. Generat- ing Persuasive Visual Storylines for Promotional Videos. In CIKM, pages 901-910, 2019.

[4] [Liu et al., 2020] Chang Liu, Han Yu, Yi Dong, Zhiqi Shen, Yingxue Yu, Ian Dixon, Zhanning Gao, Pan Wang, Chang- gong Zhang, Peiran Ren, Xuansong Xie, Lizhen Cui, and Chunyan Miao. Generating Engaging Promotional Videos for E-commerce Platforms. In AAAI, 2020.

[5] [Sigurdsson et al., 2016] Gunnar A Sigurdsson, Xinlei Chen, and Abhinav Gupta. Learning visual storylines with skipping recurrent neural networks. In ECCV, pages 71-88, 2016.

[6] [Talebi and Milanfar, 2018] Hossein Talebi and Peyman Mi- lanfar. NIMA: Neural image assessment. IEEE Transac- tions on Image Processing, 27(8):3998-4011, 2018.

[7] [Wang et al., 2004] Zhou Wang, Alan C Bovik, Hamid R Sheikh, Eero P Simoncelli, and others. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 13(4):600-612, 2004.

[8] [Xu et al., 2019] Dejing Xu, Jun Xiao, Zhou Zhao, Jian Shao, Di Xie, and Yueting Zhuang. Self-Supervised Spa- tiotemporal Learning via Video Clip Order Prediction. In CVPR, pages 10334-10343, 2019.

[9] [Yu et al., 2018] Han Yu, Zhiqi Shen, Chunyan Miao, Cyril Leung, Victor R. Lesser, and Qiang Yang. Building Ethics into Artificial Intelligence. In IJCAI, pages 5527-5533, July 2018. IJCAI

[10] [Zhong et al., 2018] Guangyu Zhong, Yi-Hsuan Tsai, Sifei Liu, Zhixun Su, and Ming-Hsuan Yang. Learning Video- Story Composition via Recurrent Neural Network. In WACV, pages 1727-1735, 2018.